Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore,
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2013 Nov;20(11):8092-131. doi: 10.1007/s11356-013-2051-9. Epub 2013 Aug 28.
Gaseous ammonia (NH3) is the most abundant alkaline gas in the atmosphere. In addition, it is a major component of total reactive nitrogen. The largest source of NH3 emissions is agriculture, including animal husbandry and NH3-based fertilizer applications. Other sources of NH3 include industrial processes, vehicular emissions and volatilization from soils and oceans. Recent studies have indicated that NH3 emissions have been increasing over the last few decades on a global scale. This is a concern because NH3 plays a significant role in the formation of atmospheric particulate matter, visibility degradation and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen to sensitive ecosystems. Thus, the increase in NH3 emissions negatively influences environmental and public health as well as climate change. For these reasons, it is important to have a clear understanding of the sources, deposition and atmospheric behaviour of NH3. Over the last two decades, a number of research papers have addressed pertinent issues related to NH3 emissions into the atmosphere at global, regional and local scales. This review article integrates the knowledge available on atmospheric NH3 from the literature in a systematic manner, describes the environmental implications of unabated NH3 emissions and provides a scientific basis for developing effective control strategies for NH3.
气态氨（NH3）是大气中含量最丰富的碱性气体。此外，它也是总活性氮的主要组成部分。NH3 排放的最大来源是农业，包括畜牧业和基于 NH3 的肥料应用。其他 NH3 来源包括工业过程、车辆排放以及土壤和海洋的挥发。最近的研究表明，在过去几十年中，NH3 排放量在全球范围内呈上升趋势。这令人担忧，因为 NH3 在大气颗粒物的形成、能见度降低以及氮对敏感生态系统的大气沉积方面发挥着重要作用。因此，NH3 排放量的增加对环境和公共健康以及气候变化都有负面影响。出于这些原因，清楚了解 NH3 的来源、沉积和大气行为非常重要。在过去的二十年中，许多研究论文已经在全球、区域和地方尺度上解决了与 NH3 排放到大气中相关的问题。本文综述文章以系统的方式整合了文献中关于大气 NH3 的现有知识，描述了未减排 NH3 排放的环境影响，并为制定有效的 NH3 控制策略提供了科学依据。
