Flannery Michael A
Historical Collections, UAB, 1720 Second Avenue S., LHL 301-UAB, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0013.
J Hist Med Allied Sci. 2015 Jan;70(1):74-104. doi: 10.1093/jhmas/jrt038. Epub 2013 Aug 29.
Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913), naturalist and explorer of South America and the Malay Archipelago, secured his place in history by independently discovering the theory of natural selection. His letter outlining the theory was sent from Ternate in eastern Indonesia and received at Down House, according to Charles Darwin (1809-82), on June 18, 1858, prompting the now-famed evolutionist to rush his languishing manuscript to press. Wallace's contributions to evolutionary biology, biogeography, and anthropology are well known, but his medical views have received far less attention. Within the context of a strident populist antivaccination movement and an ominous elitist eugenics campaign, Wallace took his stand, which revealed itself in a libertarianism that defended traditional socialist constituencies (the working poor, the lumpenproletariat, and feminist reformers) against state-mandated medical interventions. Rather than viewing Wallace as a heterodox contrarian, this article argues that his positions were logical outgrowths of his medical libertarianism and evolutionary and social theories.
阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士（1823 - 1913），南美洲和马来群岛的博物学家及探险家，通过独立发现自然选择理论而在历史上赢得了一席之地。他概述该理论的信件从印度尼西亚东部的特尔纳特发出，据查尔斯·达尔文（1809 - 1882）说，于1858年6月18日在唐屋收到，这促使这位如今声名远扬的进化论者匆忙将他搁置已久的手稿付梓出版。华莱士对进化生物学、生物地理学和人类学的贡献广为人知，但他的医学观点却很少受到关注。在民粹主义反疫苗运动喧嚣以及优生学运动不祥的背景下，华莱士表明了自己的立场，这体现在一种自由主义上，即捍卫传统社会主义选民群体（贫困工人、无产阶级游民和女权主义改革者）免受国家强制的医疗干预。本文认为，与其将华莱士视为一个非正统的反对者，不如说他的立场是其医学自由主义以及进化和社会理论的合理产物。
