Department of Biology & CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Jan 1;466-467:1037-46. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.002. Epub 2013 Aug 28.
The contamination of the terrestrial environment by disposal of tributyltin (TBT) by contaminated harbour sediments, sewage sludge and/or biocide products has been raising concerns and it may pose a risk to soil invertebrates and plants. This study aimed to improve the amount and quality of data for TBT toxicity in soils in order to assess the ecological risk of TBT to the terrestrial ecosystems. For this, bioassays were performed with the species Porcellionides pruinosus, Folsomia candida, Brassica rapa and Triticum aestivum to evaluate the toxic effects of TBT (as chloride) on these species. Additionally, this study contributed to increase the amount of data concerning TBT toxicity on soil dwelling organisms. The results showed a dose-response relationship between TBT concentration and the increase of toxicity in all species tested. These results were collated with results from literature to construct species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) and to calculate the hazardous concentration at 5% (HC₅) for all data, for each type of soil and TBT formulation used. The HC₅ value for TBT in soil was 2.06 mg TBT/kg soil dw. Little information is available concerning the concentrations of TBT in soils. In addition the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) value was determined to be 30 μg/kg soil. Only one study was found referring to TBT contaminated soils, and where TBT concentrations were lower than 0.024 μg TBT/kg for the wetland soil. Therefore it can be concluded that the real TBT concentrations determined represent low risk for environmental effects. In conclusion, the construction of SSDs and the calculation of HC5 using all the data available showed to be a more suitable method rather than the construction of several SSDs for each soil and TBT types. Further investigations concerning TBT concentrations and toxicity on soil organisms need to be performed to increase data and improve risk calculations.
三丁基锡（TBT）通过受污染的港池沉积物、污水污泥和/或杀生剂产品的处置对陆地环境造成的污染引起了人们的关注，这可能对土壤无脊椎动物和植物构成风险。本研究旨在提高土壤中 TBT 毒性数据的数量和质量，以便评估 TBT 对陆地生态系统的生态风险。为此，使用地鳖虫（Porcellionides pruinosus）、光滑小球藻（Folsomia candida）、油菜（Brassica rapa）和冬小麦（Triticum aestivum）进行生物测定，以评估 TBT（作为氯化物）对这些物种的毒性影响。此外，本研究有助于增加有关土壤生物 TBT 毒性的数据量。结果表明，在所有测试的物种中，TBT 浓度与毒性增加之间存在剂量-反应关系。将这些结果与文献中的结果进行合并，以构建物种敏感性分布（SSD）并计算所有数据的 5%危害浓度（HC₅），对于每种土壤类型和使用的 TBT 配方。土壤中 TBT 的 HC₅ 值为 2.06 毫克 TBT/千克土壤干重。关于土壤中 TBT 的浓度，可用的信息很少。此外，还确定了预测无影响浓度（PNEC）值为 30 微克/千克土壤。仅发现一项研究涉及 TBT 污染土壤，其中 TBT 浓度在湿地土壤中低于 0.024 微克 TBT/千克。因此，可以得出结论，所确定的实际 TBT 浓度代表对环境影响的低风险。总之，使用所有可用数据构建 SSDs 和计算 HC5 比为每种土壤和 TBT 类型构建几个 SSDs 更合适。需要进一步研究土壤生物 TBT 浓度和毒性，以增加数据并改进风险计算。
