Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro and CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2011 Oct;74(7):1994-2001. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.06.003. Epub 2011 Jul 2.
In the present work a small-scale terrestrial ecosystem (STEM) containing a soil collected from an agricultural field in Central Portugal was used to evaluate the effects of the combination of the herbicide glyphosate and the insecticide dimethoate. Earthworms (Eisenia andrei), isopods (Porcellionides pruinosus), turnip seeds (Brassica rapa), and bait-lamina strips were placed in the STEM. The results showed that the application of the recommended field dose of both pesticides did not cause any effect on the weight variation of earthworms and growth of the plants. The application of the herbicide, even at 5 and 10 times the field dose, increased feeding activity in soil (bait-lamina test), although the application of dimethoate led to a decrease in feeding activity in all concentrations tested. The binary mixtures performed showed that according to the Independent Action model, synergism (higher effect than expected from the single exposures) was observed in both the shoot length and fresh weight of B. rapa at 5 times the field dose, but antagonism was observed at 10 times the field dose. Regarding the germination success, synergism was observed at the field dose, but antagonism was detected at 5 times and 10 times the field dose. There was a decrease on the earthworm's weight in all concentrations tested, although no statistical differences were observed in any of the treatments made. Regarding depth distribution of E. andrei, worms were found in the upper layer more than it was predicted for all concentrations. In the mixtures with the field and 5 times the field dose there was a decrease in the feeding activity (bait-lamina consumption) by the soil fauna. From the four biomarkers assessed on the isopods (Catalase, Acetylcholinesterase, Glutathione-S-transferase, and Lipid peroxidation), only a significant decrease in the Acetylcholinesterase activity upon dimethoate and the binary mixtures exposures performed with the field dose was observed and on Lipid peroxidation at the field doses of single and binary exposures.
本研究采用小型陆生生态系统（STEM），其中包含来自葡萄牙中部农田的土壤，以评估除草剂草甘膦和杀虫剂二甲基氧膦联合使用的影响。将蚯蚓（赤子爱胜蚓）、等足目动物（波氏真地鳖）、芜菁种子（芜菁）和诱饵片放入 STEM 中。结果表明，应用推荐田间剂量的两种农药均未对蚯蚓体重变化和植物生长产生任何影响。即使在 5 倍和 10 倍田间剂量下，除草剂的应用也增加了土壤中的摄食活动（诱饵片测试），尽管二甲基氧膦在所有测试浓度下均导致摄食活动减少。二元混合物的应用表明，根据独立作用模型，在 5 倍田间剂量下，二甲基氧膦和草甘膦混合物对芜菁的地上部分长度和鲜重均表现出增效作用（比单独暴露的预期效果更高），但在 10 倍田间剂量下表现出拮抗作用。关于发芽成功率，在田间剂量下观察到协同作用，但在 5 倍和 10 倍田间剂量下观察到拮抗作用。所有测试浓度下，蚯蚓体重均下降，但在任何处理中均未观察到统计学差异。关于赤子爱胜蚓的深度分布，在所有浓度下，发现蚯蚓在上层的数量多于预期。在与田间和 5 倍田间剂量的混合物中，土壤动物的摄食活动（诱饵片消耗）减少。在评估的 4 种生物标志物（过氧化氢酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶、谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶和脂质过氧化）中，仅在二甲基氧膦和与田间剂量进行的二元混合物暴露后观察到乙酰胆碱酯酶活性显著降低，并且在单一和二元暴露的田间剂量下观察到脂质过氧化。
