Divergence of repetitive DNA sequences in the heterochromatin of medaka fishes: Molecular cytogenetic characterization of constitutive heterochromatin in two medaka species: Oryzias hubbsi and O. celebensis (Adrianichthyidae, Beloniformes).

The large biarmed chromosomes of Oryzias celebensis [2n = 36, fundamental arm number (FN) = 48] are considered to have resulted from fusions of acrocentric chromosomes in the ancestral karyotype of Oryzias, which is retained in O. hubbsi (2n = 48, FN = 48). To understand the molecular evolution of heterochromatin associated with karyotype reorganization in medaka fishes, we cloned 3 and 6 novel families of heterochromatin-related repetitive DNA sequences from O. hubbsi and O. celebensis, respectively, and characterized them using molecular cytogenetics. Two AT-rich repetitive sequences isolated from the genomic DNA of O. hubbsi, a 164-bp satellite DNA (OHU-RsaI-Scen) and a 177-bp telomere-specific repeat (OHU-RsaI-Stelo), were shown to be major components of the constitutive heterochromatin of centromeres and telomeres, respectively. A GC-rich 326-bp sequence, named OHU-AluI-M1, was colocalized with the 18S-28S ribosomal RNA gene cluster to a single autosomal pair of chromosomes and the W chromosome. In O. celebensis, 2 major satellite DNA sequences (the AT-rich 157-bp OCE-AluI-Scen sequence and the 186-bp OCE-HinfI-Scen sequence) were identified in the centromeric regions of almost all chromosomes. The 197-bp OCE-HinfI-S6 sequence was located in the centromeric and distal and/or interstitial heterochromatin of almost all chromosomes, and the 191-bp OCE-HinfI-S8 sequence was located in 6 pairs of chromosomes. Constitutive heterochromatin on the short arm of large submetacentric chromosome 5 was composed of at least 3 different repetitive sequences: the 171-bp OCE-AluI-S18 sequence, the 197-bp OCE-HinfI-S6 sequence and the 172-bp OCE-HinfI-S11 sequence. All families of repeated sequences showed no nucleotide sequence similarity with each other and high species-specificity among 7 different species. These results suggest that the heterochromatin of O. hubbsi and O. celebensis consists of various types of repetitive sequence and that the sequences evolved independently and were then amplified site-specifically in each lineage after karyotype reorganization occurred in the ancestral karyotype.