Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR 7204, Conservation des Espèces, Restauration et Suivi des Populations, 55 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.
Conserv Biol. 2013 Dec;27(6):1335-43. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12123. Epub 2013 Aug 23.
Biodiversity offsets are intended to achieve no net loss of biodiversity due to economic and human development. A variety of biodiversity components are addressed by offset policies. It is required that loss of protected species due to development be offset under the EU Habitats and Birds Directives in Europe. We call this type of offset a species-equality offset because the offset pertains to the same species affected by the development project. Whether species equality can be achieved by offset design is unknown. We addressed this gap by reviewing derogation files (i.e., specific files that describe mitigation measures to ensure no net loss under the EU Habitats and Birds Directives) from 85 development projects in France (2009-2010). We collected information on type of effect (reversible vs. irreversible) and characteristics of affected and offset sites (i.e., types of species, total area). We analyzed how the type of effect and the affected-site characteristics influenced the occurrence of offset measures. The proportion of species targeted by offset measures (i.e., offset species) increased with the irreversibility of the effect of development and the conservation status of the species affected by development (i.e., affected species). Not all effects on endangered species (International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List) were offset; on average, 82% of affected species would be offset. Twenty-six percent of species of least concern were offset species. Thirty-five percent of development projects considered all affected species in their offset measures. Species richness was much lower in offset sites than in developed sites even after offset proposals. For developed areas where species richness was relatively high before development, species richness at offset sites was 5-10 times lower. The species-equality principle appears to have been applied only partially in offset policies, as in the EU directives. We suggest the application of this principle through offsets is highly important for the long-term conservation of biodiversity in Europe. Compensaciones y Conservación de las Especies de las Directivas de Hábitats y Aves de la UE.
生物多样性补偿旨在实现经济和人类发展导致的生物多样性净损失为零。补偿政策涉及各种生物多样性组成部分。在欧洲，根据《欧盟栖息地和鸟类指令》，要求对因发展而导致的受保护物种损失进行补偿。我们将这种补偿称为物种平等补偿，因为补偿涉及受发展项目影响的相同物种。通过补偿设计能否实现物种平等尚不清楚。为了弥补这一空白，我们对法国 85 个发展项目（2009-2010 年）的减损文件（即描述根据《欧盟栖息地和鸟类指令》确保无净损失的具体文件）进行了审查。我们收集了有关影响类型（可逆与不可逆）以及受影响和补偿地点特征（物种类型、总面积）的信息。我们分析了影响类型和受影响地点特征如何影响补偿措施的发生。受补偿措施（即补偿物种）针对的物种比例随着发展影响的不可逆性以及受发展影响的物种的保护状况（即受影响物种）而增加。并非所有濒危物种（国际自然保护联盟红色名录）的影响都得到了补偿；平均而言，82%的受影响物种将得到补偿。26%的最不受关注物种成为补偿物种。35%的发展项目在其补偿措施中考虑了所有受影响物种。即使在提出补偿建议后，补偿地点的物种丰富度也远低于开发地点。对于开发前物种丰富度相对较高的开发区域，补偿地点的物种丰富度要低 5-10 倍。正如欧盟指令中所规定的那样，物种平等原则在补偿政策中仅得到部分应用。我们建议通过补偿来应用这一原则，这对欧洲生物多样性的长期保护非常重要。
