Chalmers T C, Frank C S, Reitman D
Technology Assessment Group, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass 02115.
JAMA. 1990 Mar 9;263(10):1392-5.
Publication bias can be considered to have three stages: (1) Prepublication bias occurs in the performance of research, caused by ignorance, sloth, greed, or the double standard applied to clinical trials but not to clinical practice. (2) Publication bias refers to basing acceptance or rejection of a manuscript on whether it supports the treatment tested. Potentially biased reviewers are of equal concern. (3) Postpublication bias occurs in publishing interpretations, reviews, and meta-analyses of published clinical trials. Bias can be minimized by (1) insisting on high-quality research and thorough literature reviews, (2) eliminating the double standard concerning peer review and informed consent applied to clinical research and practice, (3) publishing legitimate trials regardless of their results, (4) requiring peer reviewers to acknowledge conflicts of interest, (5) replacing ordinary review articles with meta-analyses, and (6) requiring the authors of reviews to acknowledge possible conflicts of interest.
(1) 发表前偏倚发生在研究执行过程中，由无知、懒惰、贪婪或应用于临床试验而非临床实践的双重标准所致。(2) 发表偏倚是指根据稿件是否支持所测试的治疗方法来决定接受或拒绝该稿件。潜在有偏倚的审稿人同样令人担忧。(3) 发表后偏倚发生在对已发表的临床试验进行解读、综述和荟萃分析的过程中。可通过以下方式将偏倚降至最低：(1) 坚持高质量研究和全面的文献综述；(2) 消除应用于临床研究和实践的同行评审及知情同意方面的双重标准；(3) 无论结果如何都发表合理的试验；(4) 要求同行评审员披露利益冲突；(5) 用荟萃分析取代普通综述文章；(6) 要求综述作者披露可能的利益冲突。
