Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
BMC Evol Biol. 2013 Sep 25;13:210. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-210.
The Blenniiformes comprises six families, 151 genera and nearly 900 species of small teleost fishes closely associated with coastal benthic habitats. They provide an unparalleled opportunity for studying marine biogeography because they include the globally distributed families Tripterygiidae (triplefin blennies) and Blenniidae (combtooth blennies), the temperate Clinidae (kelp blennies), and three largely Neotropical families (Labrisomidae, Chaenopsidae, and Dactyloscopidae). However, interpretation of these distributional patterns has been hindered by largely unresolved inter-familial relationships and the lack of evidence of monophyly of the Labrisomidae.
We explored the phylogenetic relationships of the Blenniiformes based on one mitochondrial (COI) and four nuclear (TMO-4C4, RAG1, Rhodopsin, and Histone H3) loci for 150 blenniiform species, and representative outgroups (Gobiesocidae, Opistognathidae and Grammatidae). According to the consensus of Bayesian Inference, Maximum Likelihood, and Maximum Parsimony analyses, the monophyly of the Blenniiformes and the Tripterygiidae, Blenniidae, Clinidae, and Dactyloscopidae is supported. The Tripterygiidae is the sister group of all other blennies, and the Blenniidae is the sister group of the remaining blennies. The monophyly of the Labrisomidae is supported with the exclusion of the Cryptotremini and inclusion of Stathmonotus, and we elevate two subgenera of Labrisomus to establish a monophyletic classification within the family. The monophyly of the Chaenopsidae is supported with the exclusion of Stathmonotus (placed in the Stathmonotini) and Neoclinus and Mccoskerichthys (placed in the Neoclinini). The origin of the Blenniiformes was estimated in the present-day IndoPacific region, corresponding to the Tethys Sea approximately 60.3 mya. A largely Neotropical lineage including the Labrisomidae, Chaenopsidae and Dactyloscopidae (node IV) evolved around 37.6 mya when the Neotropics were increasingly separated from the IndoPacific, but well before the closure of the Tethys Sea.
Relationships recovered in this study are similar to those of earlier analyses within the Clinidae and Chaenopsidae, and partially similar within the Blenniidae, but tripterygiid relationships remain poorly resolved. We present the first comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis for a monophyletic Labrisomidae with five tribes (Labrisomini, Mnierpini, Paraclinini, Stathmonotini and Starksiini). Global distributions of blenny genera included in our analysis support the evolution of a largely Neotropical clade whose closest relatives (clinids and cryptotremines) are temperate in distribution.
鳚形目包括六个科、151 属和约 900 种与沿海底栖生境密切相关的小型硬骨鱼。它们为研究海洋生物地理学提供了一个无与伦比的机会，因为它们包括分布广泛的三鳍鱼科（三鳍鱼）和鳚科（栉齿鳚）、温带海牛科（海牛科）以及三个主要分布在新热带地区的科（Labrisomidae、Chaenopsidae 和 Dactyloscopidae）。然而，这些分布模式的解释受到了尚未解决的科间关系以及Labrisomidae 缺乏单系性证据的阻碍。
我们基于 150 种鳚形目物种和代表外群（Gobiesocidae、Opistognathidae 和 Grammatidae）的一个线粒体（COI）和四个核（TMO-4C4、RAG1、视蛋白和组蛋白 H3）基因座，探索了鳚形目的系统发育关系。根据贝叶斯推断、最大似然和最大简约分析的共识，鳚形目、三鳍鱼科、鳚科、海牛科和 Dactyloscopidae 的单系性得到支持。三鳍鱼科是所有其他鳚鱼的姐妹群，鳚科是其余鳚鱼的姐妹群。Labrisomidae 的单系性得到支持，排除了 Cryptotremini 并包括了 Stathmonotus，我们将两个 Labrisomus 亚属提升为家族内的单系分类。Chaenopsidae 的单系性得到支持，排除了 Stathmonotus（置于 Stathmonotini 中）和 Neoclinus 和 Mccoskerichthys（置于 Neoclinini 中）。鳚形目的起源估计在现今的印度洋-太平洋地区，对应于大约 6030 万年前的特提斯海。一个主要分布在新热带地区的谱系，包括 Labrisomidae、Chaenopsidae 和 Dactyloscopidae（节点 IV），大约在 3760 万年前当新热带地区与印度洋-太平洋地区的距离越来越远时进化，但远在特提斯海关闭之前。
本研究中重建的关系与海牛科和 Chaenopsidae 中早期分析的关系相似，在鳚科中部分相似，但三鳍鱼科的关系仍不清楚。我们提出了第一个包含五个部落（Labrisomini、Mnierpini、Paraclinini、Stathmonotini 和 Starksiini）的单系 Labrisomidae 的综合系统发育假设。我们分析中包含的鳚属的全球分布支持了一个主要分布在新热带地区的进化枝的进化，其最接近的亲缘关系（海牛科和 cryptotremines）在分布上是温带的。
