Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanakro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 157-742, Republic of Korea.
Chemosphere. 2014 Jan;95:156-65. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.055. Epub 2013 Sep 24.
The levels of 14 micropollutants including nine pharmaceuticals, two pesticides, and three endocrine disruptors were measured in a water treatment plant (WTP) in Seoul, Korea. Among the measured micropollutants, 12 (excluding atrazine and triclocarban) were found in the influent and effluent from the WTP, at levels ranging from 2 to 482 ng L(-1). The removal efficiencies of the detected micropollutants in the WTP ranged from 6% to 100%. Among them diclofenac, acetaminophen, caffeine, carbamazepine, and 2,4-D were effectively removed (>80%). Metoprolol was unlikely to be removed (6%) in the WTP process. Concentrations of acetaminophen, metoprolol, ibuprofen, and naproxen were higher in winter, while levels of herbicides of 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were higher in summer. Metoprolol was hardly removed in the water treatment process. Laboratory experiments showed that compounds with logKow>2.5 (especially bisphenol-A, 2,4-D, carbamazepine, triclocarban and 4-nonylphenol) were effectively removed by coagulation process, and adsorption effect increased in proportion with hydrophobicity of micropollutants and the turbidity of water. Sunlight photodegradation also effectively removed sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine, caffeine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen, which are photosensitizes. Chlorination was relatively not effective for the removal of micropollutants due to the lower chlorine dosage (2 mg L(-1)), lower contact time (1h), and already lower levels of micropollutants at the chlorination stage at WTP. Our results imply that micropollutants during coagulation stage at WTP can be removed not only by coagulation itself, but also by adsorption to clay particle especially for high turbidity water, and by sunlight photodegradation in the areas open to the atmosphere.
在韩国首尔的一家水处理厂（WTP）中，测量了包括九种药物、两种农药和三种内分泌干扰物在内的 14 种微污染物的水平。在所测量的微污染物中，有 12 种（不包括莠去津和三氯卡班）在 WTP 的进水和出水均有检出，浓度范围为 2 至 482ng/L。WTP 对所检测到的微污染物的去除效率在 6%至 100%之间。其中，双氯芬酸、对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、卡马西平、和 2,4-D 的去除效果较好（>80%）。美托洛尔在 WTP 过程中不太可能被去除（6%）。在冬季，对乙酰氨基酚、美托洛尔、布洛芬和萘普生的浓度较高，而在夏季，2,4-二氯苯氧基乙酸（2,4-D）等除草剂的浓度较高。美托洛尔在水处理过程中几乎没有被去除。实验室实验表明，logKow>2.5 的化合物（尤其是双酚 A、2,4-D、卡马西平、三氯卡班和 4-壬基酚）可通过混凝过程有效去除，且随着微污染物疏水性和水体浊度的增加，吸附效果呈比例增加。阳光光降解也可有效去除磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺甲嘧啶、咖啡因、双氯芬酸、布洛芬和对乙酰氨基酚等敏化剂。由于加氯量（2mg/L）较低、接触时间（1 小时）较短，以及 WTP 加氯阶段微污染物水平已经较低，氯化对微污染物的去除效果相对较差。我们的结果表明，WTP 混凝阶段的微污染物不仅可以通过混凝本身去除，还可以通过吸附到粘土颗粒上去除，特别是对于高浊度水，并且可以通过在大气开放区域进行阳光光降解去除。
