Ollivier Morgane, Tresset Anne, Hitte Christophe, Petit Coraline, Hughes Sandrine, Gillet Benjamin, Duffraisse Marilyne, Pionnier-Capitan Maud, Lagoutte Laetitia, Arbogast Rose-Marie, Balasescu Adrian, Boroneant Adina, Mashkour Marjan, Vigne Jean-Denis, Hänni Catherine
Paléogénomique et Evolution Moléculaire, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
PLoS One. 2013 Oct 2;8(10):e75110. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075110. eCollection 2013.
We have used a paleogenetics approach to investigate the genetic landscape of coat color variation in ancient Eurasian dog and wolf populations. We amplified DNA fragments of two genes controlling coat color, Mc1r (Melanocortin 1 Receptor) and CBD103 (canine-β-defensin), in respectively 15 and 19 ancient canids (dogs and wolf morphotypes) from 14 different archeological sites, throughout Asia and Europe spanning from ca. 12 000 B.P. (end of Upper Palaeolithic) to ca. 4000 B.P. (Bronze Age). We provide evidence of a new variant (R301C) of the Melanocortin 1 receptor (Mc1r) and highlight the presence of the beta-defensin melanistic mutation (CDB103-K locus) on ancient DNA from dog-and wolf-morphotype specimens. We show that the dominant K(B) allele (CBD103), which causes melanism, and R301C (Mc1r), the variant that may cause light hair color, are present as early as the beginning of the Holocene, over 10,000 years ago. These results underline the genetic diversity of prehistoric dogs. This diversity may have partly stemmed not only from the wolf gene pool captured by domestication but also from mutations very likely linked to the relaxation of natural selection pressure occurring in-line with this process.
我们采用古遗传学方法来研究古代欧亚犬科和狼种群毛色变异的遗传格局。我们分别从亚洲和欧洲14个不同考古遗址的15只和19只古代犬科动物（狗和狼的形态类型）中扩增了控制毛色的两个基因——Mc1r（黑皮质素1受体）和CBD103（犬β-防御素）的DNA片段，这些遗址的年代跨度约为公元前12000年（旧石器时代晚期结束）至公元前4000年（青铜时代）。我们提供了黑皮质素1受体（Mc1r）新变体（R301C）的证据，并强调了在狗和狼形态类型标本的古代DNA上存在β-防御素黑化突变（CDB103-K位点）。我们表明，导致黑化的显性K(B)等位基因（CBD103）和可能导致浅色毛发的变体R301C（Mc1r）早在一万多年前的全新世初期就已存在。这些结果突显了史前犬类的遗传多样性。这种多样性可能部分不仅源于驯化捕获的狼基因库，还源于很可能与这一过程中自然选择压力放松相关的突变。
