Mendoza College of Business, University of Notre Dame.
School of Business Administration, Portland State University.
J Appl Psychol. 2014 Mar;99(2):199-221. doi: 10.1037/a0034485. Epub 2013 Oct 7.
Historically, organizational and personality psychologists have ignored within-individual variation in personality across situations or have treated it as measurement error. However, we conducted a 10-day experience sampling study consistent with whole trait theory (Fleeson, 2012), which conceptualizes personality as a system of stable tendencies and patterns of intraindividual variation along the dimensions of the Big Five personality traits (Costa & McCrae, 1992). The study examined whether (a) internal events (i.e., motivation), performance episodes, and interpersonal experiences at work predict deviations from central tendencies in trait-relevant behavior, affect, and cognition (i.e., state personality), and (b) there are individual differences in responsiveness to work experiences. Results revealed that personality at work exhibited both stability and variation within individuals. Trait measures predicted average levels of trait manifestation in daily behavior at work, whereas daily work experiences (i.e., organizational citizenship, interpersonal conflict, and motivation) predicted deviations from baseline tendencies. Additionally, correlations of neuroticism with standard deviations in the daily personality variables suggest that, although work experiences influence state personality, people higher in neuroticism exhibit higher levels of intraindividual variation in personality than do those who are more emotionally stable.
从历史上看，组织心理学家和人格心理学家要么忽略了个体在不同情境下的人格内变异性，要么将其视为测量误差。然而，我们进行了一项为期 10 天的经验采样研究，与整体特质理论（Fleeson，2012）一致，该理论将人格视为一个稳定倾向系统和个体内维度的内变模式，这些维度与五大人格特质有关（Costa 和 McCrae，1992）。该研究考察了以下两个问题：（a）内部事件（即动机）、工作中的绩效事件和人际经历是否预测与特质相关的行为、情感和认知（即状态人格）中的基准倾向偏差；（b）个体对工作经历的反应是否存在差异。结果表明，工作中的人格既有稳定性又有个体内变异性。特质测量预测了个体在工作日常行为中的特质表现的平均水平，而日常工作经历（即组织公民行为、人际冲突和动机）则预测了与基线趋势的偏差。此外，神经质与日常人格变量的标准差之间的相关性表明，尽管工作经历会影响状态人格，但神经质水平较高的个体比情绪稳定性较高的个体表现出更高的人格内变异性。
