INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada.
INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Feb 1;470-471:58-75. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.034. Epub 2013 Oct 16.
Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) are considered as emerging environmental problem due to their continuous input and persistence to the aquatic ecosystem even at low concentrations. Among them, carbamazepine (CBZ) has been detected at the highest frequency, which ends up in aquatic systems via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) among other sources. The identification and quantification of CBZ in wastewater (WW) and wastewater sludge (WWS) is of major interest to assess the toxicity of treated effluent discharged into the environment. Furthermore, WWS has been subjected for re-use either in agricultural application or for the production of value-added products through the route of bioconversion. However, this field application is disputable due to the presence of these organic compounds and in order to protect the ecosystem or end users, data concerning the concentration, fate, behavior as well as the perspective of simultaneous degradation of these compounds is urgently necessary. Many treatment technologies, including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been developed in order to degrade CBZ in WW and WWS. AOPs are technologies based on the intermediacy of hydroxyl and other radicals to oxidize recalcitrant, toxic and non-biodegradable compounds to various by-products and eventually to inert end products. The purpose of this review is to provide information on persistent pharmaceutical compound, carbamazepine, its ecological effects and removal during various AOPs of WW and WWS. This review also reports the different analytical methods available for quantification of CBZ in different contaminated media including WW and WWS.
由于药物活性化合物（PhACs）持续输入并在低浓度下仍能在水生生态系统中持续存在，因此被认为是一种新出现的环境问题。其中，卡马西平（CBZ）的检出频率最高，它通过污水处理厂（WWTPs）等其他来源进入水生系统。在废水中（WW）和废水污泥（WWS）中对 CBZ 的识别和定量对于评估排入环境的处理后废水的毒性至关重要。此外，WWS 已经被重新用于农业应用，或者通过生物转化途径生产增值产品。然而，由于这些有机化合物的存在，这种现场应用存在争议，为了保护生态系统或最终用户，关于这些化合物的浓度、归宿、行为以及同时降解这些化合物的前景的数据是迫切需要的。为了降解 WW 和 WWS 中的 CBZ，已经开发了许多处理技术，包括高级氧化工艺（AOPs）。AOPs 是基于羟基和其他自由基的中间体来氧化难处理、有毒和不可生物降解的化合物，生成各种副产物，并最终生成惰性最终产物的技术。本文综述的目的是提供有关持久性药物化合物卡马西平及其在各种 WW 和 WWS 的 AOP 中的生态效应和去除的信息。本文还报告了不同的分析方法，用于在不同的受污染介质中定量 CBZ，包括 WW 和 WWS。
