Faculty of Social Work, Wilfrid Laurier University, 120 Duke Street West, Kitchener, Ontario N2H 3W8, Canada.
Confl Health. 2013 Oct 23;7(1):21. doi: 10.1186/1752-1505-7-21.
The long lasting resilience of individuals and communities affected by mass violence has not been given equal prominence as their suffering. This has often led to psychosocial interventions in post-conflict zones being unresponsive to local realities and ill-equipped to foster local strengths. Responding to the renewed interest in resilience in the field of violence and health, this study examines the resilience and post-traumatic responses of Indigenous Quechua women in the aftermath of the political violence in Peru (1980-2000).
A cross-sectional study examined the relationship between resilience, post-traumatic responses, exposure to violence during the conflict and current life stress on 151 Quechua women participants. Purposive and convenience sampling strategies were used for recruitment in Ayacucho, the area most exposed to violence. The study instruments were translated to Quechua and Spanish and cross-culturally validated. Data was analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis. A locally informed trauma questionnaire of local idioms of distress was also included in the analysis.
Sixty percent of women (n = 91) were recruited from Ayacucho city and the rest from three rural villages; the mean age was 45 years old. Despite high levels of exposure to violence, only 9.3% of the sample presented a level of symptoms that indicated possible PTSD. Resilience did not contribute to the overall variance of post-traumatic stress related symptoms, which was predicted by past exposure to violence, current life stress, age, and schooling (R2 = .421). Resilience contributed instead to the variance of avoidance symptoms (Stand β = -.198, t = -2.595, p = 0.010) while not for re-experiencing or arousal symptoms.
These findings identified some of the pathways in which resilience and post-traumatic responses interrelate in the aftermath of violence; yet, they also point to the complexity of their relationship, which is not fully explained by linear associations, requiring further examination. Age and gender-sensitive health care is considered critical almost fifteen years after the end of the conflict. The notable resilience of Quechua women-despite exposure to a continuum of violence and social inequalities-also calls for enhanced recognition of women not only as victims of violence but also as complex social actors in the reconstruction of post-conflict societies.
受大规模暴力影响的个人和社区的长期韧性并没有像他们的苦难那样得到同等重视。这往往导致冲突后地区的心理社会干预措施对当地现实反应迟钝，无法培养当地优势。针对暴力和健康领域对韧性的重新关注，本研究考察了秘鲁（1980-2000 年）政治暴力事件后，土著克丘亚妇女的韧性和创伤后反应。
一项横断面研究调查了韧性、创伤后反应、冲突期间暴力暴露与当前生活压力之间的关系，研究对象为 151 名克丘亚女性参与者。采用特定和便利抽样策略在暴力暴露最严重的阿亚库乔地区招募参与者。研究工具被翻译成克丘亚语和西班牙语，并进行了跨文化验证。使用层次回归分析对数据进行分析。分析中还包括当地痛苦的创伤问卷。
60%的女性（n=91）来自阿亚库乔市，其余的来自三个农村村庄；平均年龄为 45 岁。尽管暴露于暴力的程度很高，但只有 9.3%的样本出现了可能患有创伤后应激障碍的症状水平。韧性并没有为创伤后应激相关症状的总体方差做出贡献，而是由过去的暴力暴露、当前的生活压力、年龄和教育程度来预测（R2=0.421）。韧性反而对回避症状的方差有贡献（标准β=-.198，t=-2.595，p=0.010），而对再体验或唤醒症状没有影响。
这些发现确定了韧性和创伤后反应在暴力事件后的相互关系的一些途径；然而，它们也指出了它们之间关系的复杂性，这不能完全用线性关联来解释，需要进一步研究。在冲突结束近十五年后，人们认为需要提供对年龄和性别敏感的医疗保健。尽管克丘亚妇女经历了一系列的暴力和社会不平等，但她们表现出了显著的韧性，这也呼吁人们不仅要认识到妇女是暴力的受害者，还要认识到她们是冲突后社会重建中的复杂社会行为者。
