Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 360 Animal Sciences Laboratory, 1207 West Gregory Drive MC-630, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA,
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;752:131-60. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8887-3_7.
Reproductive technologies have dramatically changed the way pigs are raised for pork production in developed and developing countries. This has involved such areas as pigs produced/sow, more consistent pig flow to market, pig growth rate and feed efficiency, carcass yield and quality, labor efficiency, and pig health. Some reproductive technologies are in widespread use for commercial pork operations [Riesenbeck, Reprod Domest Anim 46:1-3, 2011] while others are in limited use in specific segments of the industry [Knox, Reprod Domest Anim 46:4-6, 2011]. Significant changes in the efficiency of pork production have occurred as a direct result of the use of reproductive technologies that were intended to improve the transfer of genes important for food production [Gerrits et al., Theriogenology 63:283-299, 2005]. While some technologies focused on the efficiency of gene transfer, others addressed fertility and labor issues. Among livestock species, pig reproductive efficiency appears to have achieved exceptionally high rates of performance (PigCHAMP 2011) [Benchmark 2011, Ames, IA, 12-16]. From the maternal side, this includes pigs born per litter, farrowing rate, as well as litters per sow per year. On the male side, boar fertility, sperm production, and sows served per sire have improved as well [Knox et al., Theriogenology, 70:1202-1208, 2008]. These shifts in the efficiency of swine fertility have resulted in the modern pig as one of the most efficient livestock species for global food production. These reproductive changes have predominantly occurred in developed countries, but data suggests transfer and adoption of these in developing countries as well (FAO STAT 2009; FAS 2006) [World pig meat production: food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, 2009; FAS, 2006) Worldwide Pork Production, 2006]. Technological advancements in swine reproduction have had profound effects on industry structure, production, efficiency, quality, and profitability. In all cases, the adoption of these technologies has aided in the creation of a sustainable supply of safe and affordable pork for consumers around the world [den Hartog, Adv Pork Prod 15:17-24, 2004].
生殖技术已经极大地改变了发达国家和发展中国家养猪生产猪肉的方式。这涉及到诸如母猪产仔数、更稳定的猪流向市场、猪的生长速度和饲料效率、胴体产量和质量、劳动效率以及猪的健康等方面。一些生殖技术已广泛应用于商业养猪业[Riesenbeck，Reprod Domest Anim 46：1-3，2011]，而其他技术则在该行业的特定领域中有限使用[Knox，Reprod Domest Anim 46：4-6，2011]。由于生殖技术的使用旨在提高对食品生产重要基因的转移效率，因此猪肉生产效率发生了重大变化[Gerrits 等人，Theriogenology 63：283-299，2005]。虽然有些技术侧重于基因转移的效率，但其他技术则解决了生育力和劳动力问题。在牲畜物种中，猪的繁殖效率似乎达到了极高的性能水平（PigCHAMP 2011）[Benchmark 2011，Ames，IA，12-16]。从母性方面来看，这包括每窝产仔数、产仔率以及每头母猪每年的窝数。在雄性方面，公猪的生育能力、精子产量和每头母猪的配种数也得到了提高[Knox 等人，Theriogenology，70：1202-1208，2008]。这些猪繁殖效率的变化导致现代猪成为全球食品生产中最有效的牲畜物种之一。这些繁殖变化主要发生在发达国家，但数据表明，发展中国家也在转移和采用这些技术（粮农组织 STAT 2009；FAS 2006）[世界猪肉生产：联合国粮食及农业组织，2009 年；FAS，2006 年]。猪繁殖技术的进步对行业结构、生产、效率、质量和盈利能力产生了深远影响。在所有情况下，这些技术的采用都有助于为世界各地的消费者创造安全且负担得起的猪肉供应[den Hartog，Adv Pork Prod 15：17-24，2004]。
