University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-3944, USA.
J Psychoactive Drugs. 2013 Jul-Aug;45(3):241-8. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2013.803645.
Problem gambling is an addictive behavior with high comorbidity with alcohol problems and smoking. A common feature shared by these conditions is impulsivity. Past research shows that individuals with any of these addictions discount delayed money at higher rates than those without, and that the presence of gambling and substance use lead to additive effects on discounting. To date, however, no study examined the impact of smoking on these associations. The goals of this study were to compare the discounting rates of gamblers with and without histories of alcohol problems and smoking, and assess the associations these addictions might have on discounting. We analyzed the discounting rates of treatment-seeking gamblers categorized into four groups based on their histories of alcohol and smoking. Results revealed effects of history of alcohol problems, and an interaction between smoking and alcohol problems, on discounting. Never smokers with histories of alcohol problems discounted money less steeply than the other groups of gamblers. These results suggest that smoking does not produce additional increases on discounting rates in individuals with other addiction problems and the small subpopulation of gamblers with alcohol problems who never smoked is less impulsive and may have unique risk and/or protective behaviors.
赌博问题是一种成瘾行为，与酒精问题和吸烟高度共病。这些情况的一个共同特征是冲动性。过去的研究表明，有这些成瘾行为的个体比没有这些行为的个体更倾向于对延迟的金钱进行更高的贴现，而且赌博和物质使用的存在会对贴现产生附加效应。然而，迄今为止，没有研究检查吸烟对这些关联的影响。本研究的目的是比较有和没有酒精问题和吸烟史的赌徒的贴现率，并评估这些成瘾行为对贴现的可能影响。我们根据饮酒和吸烟史将寻求治疗的赌徒分为四组，分析了他们的贴现率。结果显示，饮酒史和吸烟与饮酒问题之间存在相互作用，对贴现有影响。没有吸烟史但有饮酒问题史的从不吸烟者比其他赌徒群体对金钱的贴现率更不陡峭。这些结果表明，吸烟不会在有其他成瘾问题的个体中产生额外的贴现率增加，而少量没有吸烟史但有酒精问题的赌徒群体的冲动性较低，可能具有独特的风险和/或保护行为。
