Canadian Wildlife Service, 115 Perimeter Road, S7N 0X4, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Ecotoxicology. 1993 Jun;2(2):79-92. doi: 10.1007/BF00119433.
: A field study was undertaken to determine the effects of exposure to vegetation sprayed with carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranylmethyl carbamate) on the survival and behavior of Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings. Pairs of captive hens with newly hatched broods of five to eight ducklings were released into sprayed or control 200 m long walkways leading directly to 0.1 ha pond enclosures. Carbofuran was applied at 132 and 264 g a.i. ha(-1) during five and four replicate trials, respectively. Broods were observed during the walk, and activity was recorded systematically during four 2-h periods over the following two days. Dead or abandoned ducklings were retrieved and brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was determined. Carbofuran did not affect the rate of duckling loss on the day of exposure at either spray rate compared with that of controls (3/34 versus 3/38 ducklings and 3/31 versus 0/31 ducklings, respectively). Nevertheless, one and three of the abandoned or dead ducklings in the low and high spray-rate trials, respectively, exhibited depression of brain AChE activity associated with mortality caused by anticholinesterase compounds (16 to 47% of mean control activity). Although no significant differences were detected in duckling behaviour between treated and control broods at either exposure level, treated broods tended to spend a larger proportion of time hidden in emergent vegetation. The ingestion of carbofuran by ducklings walking through sprayed vegetation appears to be the critical mode of intake, with dermal absorption being minimal.
一项野外研究旨在确定接触喷洒了carbofuran（2,3-二氢-2,2-二甲基-7-苯并呋喃基甲基氨基甲酸酯）的植被对绿头鸭（Anas platyrhynchos）雏鸭的存活和行为的影响。将一对带着刚孵化的五到八只雏鸭的圈养母鸡释放到 200 米长的喷洒或对照的步行道上，这些步行道直接通向 0.1 公顷的池塘围栏。在五次和四次重复试验中，分别以 132 和 264 g a.i./ha 的剂量施用 carbofuran。在步行过程中观察雏鸭，在接下来的两天中，系统地记录了四个 2 小时的活动时间。取回死亡或被遗弃的雏鸭，并测定其大脑乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）活性。与对照组相比，在两个喷雾率下，carbofuran 都没有影响暴露当天雏鸭的死亡率（低喷雾率下为 3/34 对 3/38 只雏鸭，高喷雾率下为 3/31 对 0/31 只雏鸭）。然而，在低喷雾率和高喷雾率试验中，分别有一只和三只被遗弃或死亡的雏鸭，其大脑 AChE 活性明显降低，与抗胆碱酯酶化合物引起的死亡率相关（分别为对照组平均活性的 16%至 47%）。尽管在两个暴露水平下，处理组和对照组的雏鸭行为均无显著差异，但处理组的雏鸭往往有更大的比例时间隐藏在突出的植被中。通过穿过喷洒植被的鸭行走摄入 carbofuran 似乎是关键的摄入方式，皮肤吸收微不足道。
