Inhibition of stomatal opening in sunflower leaves by carbon monoxide, and reversal of inhibition by light.

When leaves of Helianthus annuus, whose stomates had been opened in the dark in the absence of CO2, were exposed to 25% carbon monoxide (CO), stomatal conductivity for water vapor decreased from about 0.4 to 0.2 cm·s(-1). The CO effect on stomatal aperture required a CO/O2 ratio of about 25. As this ratio was decreased the stomata opened, indicating that inhibitio of cytochrome-c oxidase by CO is competitive in respect to O2. Photosynthetically active red light was unable to reverse CO-induced stomatal closure even at high irradiances, when CO2 was absent. When it was present, stomatal opening was occasionally, but not consistently observed. Carbon monoxide did not inhibit photosynthetic carbon reduction in leaves of Helianthus.In contrast to red light, very weak blue light (405 nm) increased the stomatal aperture in the presence of CO. It also increased leaf ATP/ADP ratios which had been decreased in the presence of CO. The blue-light effect was not related to photosynthesis. Neither could it be explained by photodissociation of the cytochrome a 3-CO complex which has an absorption maximum at 430 nm. The data indicate that ATP derived from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation provides energy for stomatal opening in sunflower leaves in the dark as well as in the light. Indirect transfer of ATP from chloroplasts to the cytosol via the triose phosphate/phosphoglycerate exchange which is mediated by the phosphate translocator of the chloroplast envelope can support stomatal opening only if metabolite concentrations are high enough for efficient shuttle transfer of ATP. Blue light causes stomatal opening in the presence of CO by stimulating ATP synthesis.