Some errors in respirometry of aquatic breathers: How to avoid and correct for them.

Respirometry in closed and flow-through systems is described with the objective of pointing out problems and sources of errors involved and how to correct for them.Both closed respirometry applied to resting and active animals and intermillent-flow respirometry is described. In addition, flow-through or open respirometry is discussed, in particular when the system is in non-steady state.Simulations are used to show how improper analysis can lead to improper conclusions.