身体和认知兴奋剂之间的关联——对 2997 名三项全能运动员的横断面研究。
Associations between physical and cognitive doping--a cross-sectional study in 2.997 triathletes.
机构信息
Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
出版信息
PLoS One. 2013 Nov 13;8(11):e78702. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078702. eCollection 2013.
PURPOSE
This study assessed, for the first time, prevalence estimates for physical and cognitive doping within a single collective of athletes using the randomized response technique (RRT). Furthermore, associations between the use of legal and freely available substances to improve physical and cognitive performance (enhancement) and illicit or banned substances to improve physical and cognitive performance (doping) were examined.
METHODS
An anonymous questionnaire using the unrelated question RRT was used to survey 2,997 recreational triathletes in three sports events (Frankfurt, Regensburg, and Wiesbaden) in Germany. Prior to the survey, statistical power analyses were performed to determine sample size. Logistic regression was used to predict physical and cognitive enhancement and the bootstrap method was used to evaluate differences between the estimated prevalences of physical and cognitive doping.
RESULTS
2,987 questionnaires were returned (99.7%). 12-month prevalences for physical and cognitive doping were 13.0% and 15.1%, respectively. The prevalence estimate for physical doping was significantly higher in athletes who also used physical enhancers, as well as in athletes who took part in the European Championship in Frankfurt compared to those who did not. The prevalence estimate for cognitive doping was significantly higher in athletes who also used physical and cognitive enhancers. Moreover, the use of physical and cognitive enhancers were significantly associated and also the use of physical and cognitive doping.
DISCUSSION
The use of substances to improve physical and cognitive performance was associated on both levels of legality (enhancement vs. doping) suggesting that athletes do not use substances for a specific goal but may have a general propensity to enhance. This finding is important for understanding why people use such substances. Consequently, more effective prevention programs against substance abuse and doping could be developed.
目的
本研究首次使用随机反应技术（RRT）评估了单一运动员群体中身体和认知兴奋剂的流行率估计值。此外，还研究了使用合法且免费的物质来提高身体和认知表现（增强）与使用非法或禁用物质来提高身体和认知表现（兴奋剂）之间的关联。
方法
一项匿名问卷使用不相关问题 RRT 调查了德国三个体育赛事（法兰克福、雷根斯堡和威斯巴登）的 2997 名娱乐铁人三项运动员。在调查之前，进行了统计功效分析以确定样本量。使用逻辑回归预测身体和认知增强，并使用引导法评估身体和认知兴奋剂的估计流行率之间的差异。
结果
共收回 2987 份问卷（99.7%）。身体和认知兴奋剂的 12 个月流行率分别为 13.0%和 15.1%。在使用身体增强剂的运动员以及参加法兰克福欧洲锦标赛的运动员中，身体兴奋剂的流行率估计值明显更高，而不使用的运动员则更低。在使用身体和认知增强剂的运动员中，认知兴奋剂的流行率估计值明显更高。此外，身体和认知增强剂的使用以及身体和认知兴奋剂的使用均具有显著相关性。
讨论
使用物质来提高身体和认知表现与合法性的两个层面（增强与兴奋剂）有关，这表明运动员不是为了特定目标而使用物质，而是可能具有一般的增强倾向。这一发现对于理解人们使用这些物质的原因很重要。因此，可以制定更有效的预防药物滥用和兴奋剂的计划。
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