1 New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, World Trade Center Health Registry, Long Island City, New York USA.
Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013 Dec;28(6):556-66. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X13008996. Epub 2013 Nov 19.
Evacuation of the World Trade Center (WTC) twin towers and surrounding buildings damaged in the September 11, 2001 attacks provides a unique opportunity to study factors that affect emergency evacuation of high rise buildings. Problem The goal of this study is to understand the extent to which structural and behavioral barriers and limitations of personal mobility affected evacuation by occupants of affected buildings on September 11, 2001.
This analysis included 5,023 civilian, adult enrollees within the World Trade Center Health Registry who evacuated the two World Trade Center towers and over 30 other Lower Manhattan buildings that were damaged or destroyed on September 11, 2001. Multinomial logistic regression was used to predict total evacuation time (<30 to ≤60 minutes, >1 hour to <2 hours relative to ≤30 minutes) in relation to number of infrastructure barriers and number of behavioral barriers, adjusted for demographic and other factors.
A higher percentage of evacuees reported encountering at least one behavioral barrier (84.9%) than reported at least one infrastructure barrier (51.9%). This pattern was consistent in all buildings except WTC 1, the first building attacked, where >90% of evacuees reported encountering both types of barriers. Smoke and poor lighting were the most frequently-reported structural barriers. Extreme crowding, lack of communication with officials, and being surrounded by panicked crowds were the most frequently-reported behavioral barriers. Multivariate analyses showed evacuation time to be independently associated with the number of each type of barrier as well as gender (longer times for women), but not with the floor from which evacuation began. After adjustment, personal mobility impairment was not associated with increased evacuation time.
Because most high-rise buildings have unique designs, infrastructure factors tend to be less predictable than behavioral factors, but both need to be considered in developing emergency evacuation plans in order to decrease evacuation time and, consequently, risk of injury and death during an emergency evacuation.
2001 年 9 月 11 日袭击事件中，世贸中心双塔和周围受损建筑的人员疏散为研究影响高层建筑紧急疏散的因素提供了独特的机会。问题：本研究的目的是了解结构和行为障碍以及个人行动能力的限制对 2001 年 9 月 11 日受影响建筑物内人员疏散的影响程度。方法：本分析包括在世界贸易中心健康登记处登记的 5023 名民用成年疏散人员，他们疏散了 2001 年 9 月 11 日受损或被毁的两座世界贸易中心塔楼以及曼哈顿下城的 30 多座其他建筑物。使用多项逻辑回归来预测与基础设施障碍数量和行为障碍数量有关的总疏散时间（<30 至≤60 分钟，>1 至<2 小时相对于≤30 分钟），调整了人口统计和其他因素。结果：报告遇到至少一种行为障碍（84.9%）的疏散人员比例高于报告遇到至少一种基础设施障碍（51.9%）的疏散人员比例。这种模式在所有建筑物中都是一致的，除了第一座被袭击的世贸中心 1 号楼，那里超过 90%的疏散人员报告遇到了这两种类型的障碍。烟雾和照明不良是最常报告的结构性障碍。极度拥挤、与官员缺乏沟通以及被惊慌失措的人群包围是最常报告的行为障碍。多变量分析显示，疏散时间与每种类型的障碍数量以及性别（女性时间较长）独立相关，但与疏散开始的楼层无关。调整后，行动不便与疏散时间延长无关。结论：由于大多数高层建筑具有独特的设计，基础设施因素往往不如行为因素可预测，但在制定紧急疏散计划时都需要考虑这两个因素，以减少疏散时间，从而降低紧急疏散期间受伤和死亡的风险。
