Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2013 Dec;14(12):787-802. doi: 10.1038/nrm3702.
Chloroplasts are the organelles that define plants, and they are responsible for photosynthesis as well as numerous other functions. They are the ancestral members of a family of organelles known as plastids. Plastids are remarkably dynamic, existing in strikingly different forms that interconvert in response to developmental or environmental cues. The genetic system of this organelle and its coordination with the nucleocytosolic system, the import and routing of nucleus-encoded proteins, as well as organellar division all contribute to the biogenesis and homeostasis of plastids. They are controlled by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which is part of a network of regulatory mechanisms that integrate plastid development into broader programmes of cellular and organismal development.
叶绿体是定义植物的细胞器，它们负责光合作用以及许多其他功能。它们是被称为质体的细胞器家族的原始成员。质体非常活跃，存在于明显不同的形式中，这些形式可以响应发育或环境线索进行转化。这个细胞器的遗传系统及其与核质系统的协调、核编码蛋白的输入和路由以及细胞器分裂都有助于质体的生物发生和动态平衡。它们受到泛素-蛋白酶体系统的控制，该系统是调节机制网络的一部分，该网络将质体发育整合到细胞和生物体发育的更广泛计划中。
