Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, 14456, Geneva, New York.
J Chem Ecol. 1989 Mar;15(3):1077-93. doi: 10.1007/BF01015201.
In feeding experiments with insects reared in the laboratory, the presence of the dihydropyrrolizines hydroxydanaidal and danaidal in the male scent organs (coremata) of the arctiids,Estigmene acrea (Drury),Phragmatobia fuliginosa (L.), andPyrrharctia isabella (J.E. Smith), was shown to depend on the presence of a source of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in the larval diet.Phragmatobia males given an artificial diet supplemented with the powdered roots of the PA-containing plantSymphytum officinale L. (comfrey) produced more hydroxydanaidal than danaidal, whereas males given an artificial diet supplemented with dried whole plants of another PA-containing species,Senecio vulgaris L., produced more danaidal than hydroxydanaidal.Pyrrharctia males produced hydroxydanaidal with little if any danaidal, whether the source of PAs was comfrey orS. vulgaris. A behavioral bioassay showed that the coremata of PA-deniedPyrrharctia male progeny of PA-denied parents were pheromonally inactive, whereas those of PA-denied male progeny of PA-supplied parents (male and/or female) were often active. This indicates that a small amount of pheromone is made from PAs transferred from the female to her eggs and that males effect copulatory transfers of PAs that are, in turn, passed to the eggs by the mated female. Field observations ofPhragmatobia andPyrrharctia larvae feeding on sources of PAs were reported. The PA monocrotaline was shown to be a feeding stimulant forPyrrharctia larvae.
在实验室饲养的昆虫喂养实验中，证实存在于天蛾科的雄虫气味器官（小囊）中的二氢吡咯里嗪羟达那德和达那德，取决于幼虫饮食中是否存在吡咯里嗪生物碱（PAs）的来源。用含有 PA 的植物毛蕊花（Symphytum officinale L.）的粉末根补充的人工饲料喂养的 Phragmatobia 雄虫产生的羟达那德多于达那德，而用含有另一种 PA 的植物千里光（Senecio vulgaris L.）的干全植物补充的人工饲料喂养的雄虫产生的达那德多于羟达那德。无论 PA 的来源是毛蕊花还是千里光，Pyrrharctia 雄虫产生的羟达那德很少或几乎没有达那德。行为生物测定表明，PA 缺乏的 Pyrrharctia 雄性后代的小囊在性方面没有活性，而来自提供 PA 的父母的 PA 缺乏的雄性后代（雄性和/或雌性）的小囊通常具有活性。这表明从雌性转移到其卵中的少量信息素是由 PA 制成的，并且雄性通过交配的雌性传递 PA，然后 PA 被传递到卵中。据报道，Phragmatobia 和 Pyrrharctia 幼虫在 PA 来源上的觅食行为。单端孢霉烯毒素被证明是 Pyrrharctia 幼虫的一种取食刺激物。
