Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
Pest Manag Sci. 2014 Apr;70(4):528-40. doi: 10.1002/ps.3689. Epub 2014 Jan 15.
Aphids damage major world food and fiber crops through direct feeding and transmission of plant viruses. Fortunately, the development of many aphid-resistant crop plants has provided both ecological and economic benefits to food production. Plant characters governing aphid host selection often dictate eventual plant resistance or susceptibility to aphid herbivory, and these phenotypic characters have been successfully used to map aphid resistance genes. Aphid resistance is often inherited as a dominant trait, but is also polygenic and inherited as recessive or incompletely dominant traits. Most aphid-resistant cultivars exhibit constitutively expressed defenses, but some cultivars exhibit dramatic aphid-induced responses, resulting in the overexpression of large ensembles of putative aphid resistance genes. Two aphid resistance genes have been cloned. Mi-1.2, an NBS-LRR gene from wild tomato, confers resistance to potato aphid and three Meloidogyne root-knot nematode species, and Vat, an NBS-LRR gene from melon, controls resistance to the cotton/melon aphid and to some viruses. Virulence to aphid resistance genes of plants occurs in 17 aphid species--more than half of all arthropod biotypes demonstrating virulence. The continual appearance of aphid virulence underscores the need to identify new sources of resistance of diverse sequence and function in order to delay or prevent biotype development.
蚜虫通过直接取食和传播植物病毒对世界主要粮食和纤维作物造成损害。幸运的是，许多抗蚜虫作物的开发为粮食生产提供了生态和经济效益。控制蚜虫寄主选择的植物特性通常决定了植物对蚜虫取食的最终抗性或易感性，这些表型特性已成功用于定位蚜虫抗性基因。蚜虫抗性通常作为显性性状遗传，但也有多基因遗传，表现为隐性或不完全显性性状。大多数抗蚜虫品种表现出组成型表达的防御，但有些品种表现出显著的蚜虫诱导反应，导致大量潜在的蚜虫抗性基因的过度表达。已经克隆了两个蚜虫抗性基因。来自野生番茄的 NBS-LRR 基因 Mi-1.2 赋予马铃薯蚜虫和三种根结线虫属物种抗性，来自甜瓜的 NBS-LRR 基因 Vat 控制棉花/甜瓜蚜虫和一些病毒的抗性。17 种蚜虫物种对植物蚜虫抗性基因具有毒力——超过展示毒力的所有节肢动物生物型的一半。蚜虫毒力的不断出现突显了需要识别具有不同序列和功能的新的抗性来源，以延迟或防止生物型的发展。
