Department of Endocrinology, UCLA School of Medicine, Gonda Diabetes Center, 200 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 530, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2013 Dec;42(4):677-95. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2013.07.001.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) are potentially fatal hyperglycemic crises that occur as acute complications of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. The authors provide a review of the current epidemiology, precipitating factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, evaluation, and treatment of DKA and HHS. The discovery of insulin in 1921 changed the life expectancy of patients with diabetes mellitus dramatically. Today, almost a century later, DKA and HHS remain significant causes of morbidity and mortality across different countries, ages, races, and socioeconomic groups and a significant economic burden for society.
糖尿病酮症酸中毒（DKA）和高血糖高渗状态（HHS）是糖尿病控制不良的急性并发症，可能导致致命的高血糖危象。作者回顾了 DKA 和 HHS 的当前流行病学、诱发因素、发病机制、临床表现、评估和治疗。1921 年胰岛素的发现极大地改变了糖尿病患者的预期寿命。如今，近一个世纪过去了，DKA 和 HHS 仍然是不同国家、年龄、种族和社会经济群体发病率和死亡率的重要原因，也是社会的重大经济负担。
