The cruelty and failings of therapies for neurological diseases in French literature.

In this chapter, excerpts from famous or little-known works of French literature are used to illustrate how eighteenth- and nineteenth-century physicians tried to treat neuropsychiatric illnesses. Although the causes were unknown to them, they did not hesitate to inflict suffering on their patients, who were often in an appalling condition to begin with. Novelists such as Gustave Flaubert, Alphonse Daudet, the Goncourt brothers, Georges Siménon, and Céline applied their writing talents to describing the use of leeches, bloodletting, vibratory treatments, suspension of the body, multiple painful injections, and brutal electrotherapy. These writers reveal how physicians used their imaginations not only boundlessly but also without pity, to treat their patients. Each literary work is presented with the medical justifications of the time, for example, the explanations of Cruveilhier, Charcot, Brown-Sequard, Sollier, Vincent, and Roussy.