Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Level 5 Medical School North, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, City East Campus, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
Forensic Science South Australia, 21 Divett Place, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Jul 15;487:621-8. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.075. Epub 2013 Dec 2.
Wastewater analysis has the potential to provide objective information on community drug use. Introducing a population biomarker (PB) in the sample analysis may significantly reduce errors in the back-calculation associated with population estimation and wastewater volume measurement. A number of potential PBs have been suggested but no systematic evaluation has been conducted so far. This study evaluated the eligibility of the previously suggested PB candidates (creatinine, cholesterol, coprostanol and cotinine) as well as three new ones (cortisol, androstenedione and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)) using five criteria. We assessed the quantification method, affinity to particulate matter and stability of candidates in wastewater, as well as the constancy of inter-day excretion and correlation between excretion and census population. All PB candidates were quantifiable in wastewater. Cholesterol and coprostanol were eliminated from further consideration due to affinity to particulate matters in the wastewater. Creatinine, cortisol and androstenedione were disqualified for stability reasons. On a population scale, both cotinine and 5-HIAA were excreted (RSD=8.01 ± 1.13% and 10.20 ± 0.89%, respectively) at a constant rate and concentrations of each correlated well with the census population (r=0.9809 and 0.9442, respectively). Overall, both cotinine and 5-HIAA are eligible PBs, but the neurotransmitter metabolite 5-HIAA may be more suitable for international comparisons.
污水分析有可能提供关于社区药物使用的客观信息。在样品分析中引入人群生物标志物 (PB) 可能会显著减少与人群估计和污水量测量相关的回溯计算中的错误。已经提出了许多潜在的 PB，但迄今为止尚未进行系统评估。本研究使用五个标准评估了先前提出的 PB 候选物（肌酸酐、胆固醇、粪甾烷醇和可替宁）以及三个新候选物（皮质醇、雄烯二酮和 5-羟吲哚乙酸 (5-HIAA)) 的合格性。我们评估了候选物在污水中的定量方法、对颗粒物的亲和力和稳定性，以及日间排泄的恒定性和排泄与普查人口之间的相关性。所有 PB 候选物都可以在污水中定量。由于对污水中的颗粒物有亲和力，胆固醇和粪甾烷醇被排除在进一步考虑之外。由于稳定性原因，肌酸酐、皮质醇和雄烯二酮被取消资格。在人群规模上，可替宁和 5-HIAA 以恒定的速率排泄（分别为 RSD=8.01 ± 1.13%和 10.20 ± 0.89%），并且每种物质的浓度都与普查人口密切相关（分别为 r=0.9809 和 0.9442）。总体而言，可替宁和 5-HIAA 都是合格的 PB，但神经递质代谢物 5-HIAA 可能更适合国际比较。
