Chua Shi Min, Liow Susan J Rickard
a Department of Psychology , National University of Singapore , Singapore.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2014;67(9):1720-41. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2013.868915. Epub 2014 Jan 20.
In spelling-to-dictation tasks, skilled spellers consistently initiate spelling of high-frequency words faster than that of low-frequency words. Tainturier and Rapp's model of spelling shows three possible loci for this frequency effect: spoken word recognition, orthographic retrieval, and response execution of the first letter. Thus far, researchers have attributed the effect solely to orthographic retrieval without considering spoken word recognition or response execution. To investigate word frequency effects at each of these three loci, Experiment 1 involved a delayed spelling-to-dictation task and Experiment 2 involved a delayed/uncertain task. In Experiment 1, no frequency effect was found in the 1200-ms delayed condition, suggesting that response execution is not affected by word frequency. In Experiment 2, no frequency effect was found in the delayed/uncertain task that reflects the orthographic retrieval, whereas a frequency effect was found in the comparison immediate/uncertain task that reflects both spoken word recognition and orthographic retrieval. The results of this two-part study suggest that frequency effects in spoken word recognition play a substantial role in skilled spelling-to-dictation. Discrepancies between these findings and previous research, and the limitations of the present study, are discussed.
在拼写转听写任务中，熟练的拼写者始终比低频词更快地开始拼写高频词。Tainturier和Rapp的拼写模型显示了这种频率效应的三个可能位点：口语单词识别、正字法检索和首字母的反应执行。到目前为止，研究人员将这种效应完全归因于正字法检索，而没有考虑口语单词识别或反应执行。为了研究这三个位点各自的单词频率效应，实验1涉及一个延迟的拼写转听写任务，实验2涉及一个延迟/不确定任务。在实验1中，在1200毫秒延迟条件下未发现频率效应，这表明反应执行不受单词频率的影响。在实验2中，在反映正字法检索的延迟/不确定任务中未发现频率效应，而在反映口语单词识别和正字法检索的即时/不确定任务比较中发现了频率效应。这项两部分研究的结果表明，口语单词识别中的频率效应在熟练的拼写转听写中起着重要作用。讨论了这些发现与先前研究之间的差异以及本研究的局限性。
