Crespi Bernard
Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, V5A 1S6,
Hum Nat. 2014 Mar;25(1):6-27. doi: 10.1007/s12110-013-9185-9.
I present evidence that humans have evolved convergently to social insects with regard to a large suite of social, ecological, and reproductive phenotypes. Convergences between humans and social insects include: (1) groups with genetically and environmentally defined structures; (2) extensive divisions of labor; (3) specialization of a relatively restricted set of females for reproduction, with enhanced fertility; (4) extensive extramaternal care; (5) within-group food sharing; (6) generalized diets composed of high-nutrient-density food; (7) solicitous juveniles, but high rates of infanticide; (8) ecological dominance; (9) enhanced colonizing abilities; and (10) collective, cooperative decision-making. Most of these convergent phenotypic adaptations stem from reorganization of key life-history trade-offs due to behavioral, physiological, and life-historical specializations. Despite their extensive socioreproductive overlap with social insects, humans differ with regard to the central aspect of eusociality: reproductive division of labor. This difference may be underpinned by the high energetic costs of producing offspring with large brains.
我提供的证据表明，在一系列广泛的社会、生态和生殖表型方面，人类已经与群居昆虫趋同进化。人类与群居昆虫之间的趋同包括：（1）具有由遗传和环境定义结构的群体；（2）广泛的劳动分工；（3）相对有限的一组雌性专门负责繁殖，且生育能力增强；（4）广泛的非母亲照料；（5）群体内食物共享；（6）由高营养密度食物组成的通用饮食；（7） solicitous juveniles，但杀婴率高；（8）生态优势；（9）增强的殖民能力；以及（10）集体、合作决策。这些趋同的表型适应大多源于由于行为、生理和生活史专业化而对关键生活史权衡的重新组织。尽管人类在社会生殖方面与群居昆虫有广泛的重叠，但在真社会性的核心方面存在差异：生殖分工。这种差异可能是由于生产大脑较大的后代的高能量成本所支撑。 （注：原文中“solicitous juveniles”可能有误，推测可能是“solicitous juvenility”之类，但按照要求未做修改直接翻译）
