School of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
Food Nutr Res. 2013 Dec 2;57. doi: 10.3402/fnr.v57i0.21836. eCollection 2013.
Growing up milks (GUM) are milk-based drinks with added vitamins and minerals intended for children aged 12-36 months. Few data are available on the consumption of GUM and their role in the diets of young children.
To determine the nutritional adequacy of two groups of 12-24-month-old Irish children by type of milk consumption (consumers or non-consumers of GUM).
Using data from a cross-sectional study of Irish children, the National Pre-School Nutrition Survey (2010-2011), two groups of children were defined. The groups included children aged 12-24 months with an average daily total milk intake of at least 300 g and consuming GUM (≥100 g/day) together with cow's milk (n=29) or cow's milk only (n=56).
While average total daily energy intakes were similar in both consumers and non-consumers of GUM, intakes of protein, saturated fat, and vitamin B12 were lower and intakes of carbohydrate, dietary fibre, iron, zinc, vitamins C and D were higher in consumers of GUM. These differences in nutrient intakes are largely attributable to the differences in composition between GUM and cow's milk. For both consumers and non-consumers of GUM, intakes of carbohydrate and fat were generally in line with recommendations while intakes of protein, dietary fibre and most micronutrients were adequate. For children consuming cow's milk only, high proportions had inadequate intakes of iron and vitamin D; however, these proportions were much lower in consumers of GUM.
Consumption of GUM reduced the risk of inadequacies of iron and vitamin D, two nutrients frequently lacking in the diets of young children consuming unfortified cow's milk only.
成长奶（GUM）是一种添加了维生素和矿物质的牛奶饮料，适合 12-36 个月大的儿童饮用。关于成长奶的消费情况及其在幼儿饮食中的作用，目前数据有限。
根据牛奶消费类型（成长奶消费者和非消费者），确定两组 12-24 月龄爱尔兰儿童的营养充足程度。
利用爱尔兰儿童横断面研究——全国学前营养调查（2010-2011 年）的数据，将两组儿童定义为：12-24 月龄儿童，平均每日总奶摄入量至少 300g，且消费成长奶（≥100g/d）和牛奶（n=29）或仅消费牛奶（n=56）。
虽然成长奶消费者和非消费者的日均总能量摄入量相似，但成长奶消费者的蛋白质、饱和脂肪和维生素 B12 摄入量较低，碳水化合物、膳食纤维、铁、锌、维生素 C 和 D 摄入量较高。这些营养素摄入量的差异主要归因于成长奶和牛奶之间的成分差异。对于成长奶消费者和非消费者，碳水化合物和脂肪的摄入量通常符合建议，而蛋白质、膳食纤维和大多数微量营养素的摄入量是充足的。对于仅消费牛奶的儿童，很大一部分儿童铁和维生素 D 的摄入量不足；然而，在成长奶消费者中，这种情况的比例要低得多。
消费成长奶降低了仅消费未经强化的牛奶的幼儿铁和维生素 D 摄入不足的风险，这两种营养素在幼儿饮食中经常缺乏。
