Sunardi Diana, Wibowo Yulianti, Mak Tsz Ning, Wang Dantong
Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Medical Nutrition Services, Nestle Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Front Nutr. 2023 Jun 26;10:1169904. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1169904. eCollection 2023.
Indonesian children under-five have a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies. Improving young child feeding practices may be the solution. Increasing the consumption of appropriate milk products could help to reduce nutrient inadequacy.
The objective of this study was to assess nutrient inadequacy in Indonesian children to evaluate the potential improvement using dietary modeling analysis. Data from children aged 1-5 years from the Indonesian Individual Dietary Consumption Survey in 2014 were used in this analysis ( = 11,020). Diet modeling was conducted in two scenarios, substitution volume to volume and calories to calories.
The proportion of children consuming young child milk (YCM) was the highest compared to other milk types across all age groups, followed by condensed milk and cow's milk. YCM, also called "Growing-Up Milk" (GUM), are marketed as a product specifically formulated for the nutritional needs of young children. YCM consumers had lower prevalence of inadequate intakes in iron, zinc, vitamins A, C and D across age groups when compared to condensed milk consumers. The prevalence of inadequate intakes of nutrients in condensed milk consumers was Vitamin A (67, 64%), folate (92, 91%), Vitamin D (87, 84%), iron (84, 76%), and zinc (76, 76%) in 1-2y and 3-4y, respectively. The substitution of condensed milk with a YCM reduced the prevalence of inadequate intakes of micronutrients, such as Vitamin A, vitamin D, folate, iron and zinc, which are important for immune function. YCM reduced the prevalence of inadequate intakes of micronutrients by 20-40% (Vit A and folate) and 40-50% (Vit D and zinc). The reduction of prevalence of inadequate iron intake was 31% in 1-2y and 63% in 3-4y.
The prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes was high among children aged 1-5 years old in Indonesia. YCM consumers had better nutrient intake. The substitution of condensed milk with a YCM reduced the prevalence of inadequate of micronutrient intake. Thus, nutrient intakes could be improved by YCM consumption in 1-5 years old children in Indonesia, along with nutrition education on feeding practices.
印度尼西亚五岁以下儿童中微量营养素缺乏的患病率很高。改善幼儿喂养方式可能是解决办法。增加适当奶制品的摄入量有助于减少营养不足。
本研究的目的是评估印度尼西亚儿童的营养不足情况，以通过饮食模型分析评估潜在的改善情况。本分析使用了2014年印度尼西亚个人饮食消费调查中1至5岁儿童的数据（n = 11,020）。饮食模型在两种情况下进行，即等量替代和等热量替代。
在所有年龄组中，与其他奶类相比，饮用幼儿奶粉（YCM）的儿童比例最高，其次是炼乳和牛奶。YCM也被称为“成长奶粉”（GUM），作为专门为幼儿营养需求配制的产品进行销售。与饮用炼乳的儿童相比，各年龄组饮用YCM的儿童铁、锌、维生素A、C和D摄入不足的患病率较低。饮用炼乳的儿童中，1至2岁和3至4岁儿童维生素A（67%，64%）、叶酸（92%，91%）、维生素D（87%，84%）、铁（84%，76%）和锌（76%，76%）摄入不足的患病率分别为上述数值。用YCM替代炼乳降低了对免疫功能重要的微量营养素如维生素A、维生素D、叶酸、铁和锌摄入不足的患病率。YCM使微量营养素摄入不足的患病率降低了20 - 40%（维生素A和叶酸）和40 - 50%（维生素D和锌）。1至2岁儿童铁摄入不足患病率的降低幅度为31%，3至4岁儿童为63%。
印度尼西亚1至5岁儿童中微量营养素摄入不足的患病率很高。饮用YCM的儿童营养摄入更好。用YCM替代炼乳降低了微量营养素摄入不足的患病率。因此，印度尼西亚1至5岁儿童饮用YCM并结合喂养方式的营养教育可以改善营养摄入。
