Zemore Sarah E, Karriker-Jaffe Katherine J, Mulia Nina
Alcohol Research Group, Emeryville, CA.
J Addict Res Ther. 2013 Sep 28;4. doi: 10.4172/2155-6105.1000160.
Economic conditions and drinking norms have been in considerable flux over the past 10 years. Accordingly, research is needed to evaluate both overall trends in alcohol problems during this period and whether changes within racial/ethnic groups have affected racial/ethnic disparities.
We used 3 cross-sectional waves of National Alcohol Survey data (2000, 2005, and 2010) to examine a) temporal trends in alcohol dependence and consequences overall and by race/ethnicity, and b) the effects of temporal changes on racial/ethnic disparities. Analyses involved bivariate tests and multivariate negative binomial regressions testing the effects of race/ethnicity, survey year, and their interaction on problem measures.
Both women and men overall showed significant increases in dependence symptoms in 2010 (vs. 2000); women also reported increases in alcohol-related consequences in 2010 (vs. 2000). (Problem rates were equivalent across 2005 and 2000.) However, increases in problems were most dramatic among Whites, and dependence symptoms actually decreased among Latinos of both genders in 2010. Consequently, the long-standing disparity in dependence between Latino and White men in 2010. Post-hoc analyses suggested that changes in drinking norms at least partially drove increased problem rates among Whites.
Results constitute an important contribution to the literature on racial/ethnic disparities in alcohol problems. Findings are not inconsistent with the macroeconomic literature suggesting increases in alcohol problems during economic recession, but the pattern of effects across race/ethnicity and findings regarding norms together suggest, at the least, a revised understanding of how recessions affect drinking patterns and problems.
在过去10年中，经济状况和饮酒规范发生了相当大的变化。因此，需要开展研究来评估这一时期酒精问题的总体趋势，以及种族/族裔群体内部的变化是否影响了种族/族裔差异。
我们使用了三轮全国酒精调查的横断面数据（2000年、2005年和2010年）来研究：a）酒精依赖及后果的总体时间趋势以及按种族/族裔划分的趋势；b）时间变化对种族/族裔差异的影响。分析包括双变量检验和多变量负二项回归，以检验种族/族裔、调查年份及其交互作用对问题指标的影响。
总体而言，男性和女性在2010年的依赖症状均显著增加（与2000年相比）；女性在2010年报告的与酒精相关的后果也有所增加（与2000年相比）。（2005年和2000年的问题发生率相当。）然而，问题增加在白人中最为显著，2010年两性拉丁裔的依赖症状实际上有所下降。因此，2010年拉丁裔和白人男性在依赖方面长期存在的差异。事后分析表明，饮酒规范的变化至少部分推动了白人中问题发生率的上升。
研究结果为酒精问题上的种族/族裔差异文献做出了重要贡献。这些发现与宏观经济文献中关于经济衰退期间酒精问题增加的观点并不矛盾，但种族/族裔间的影响模式以及关于规范的研究结果共同表明，至少需要对衰退如何影响饮酒模式和问题进行重新理解。
