The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China; Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China.
Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA.
Biosens Bioelectron. 2014 Apr 15;54:585-97. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.10.075. Epub 2013 Nov 19.
Advanced diagnostic technologies, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), have been widely used in well-equipped laboratories. However, they are not affordable or accessible in resource-limited settings due to the lack of basic infrastructure and/or trained operators. Paper-based diagnostic technologies are affordable, user-friendly, rapid, robust, and scalable for manufacturing, thus holding great potential to deliver point-of-care (POC) diagnostics to resource-limited settings. In this review, we present the working principles and reaction mechanism of paper-based diagnostics, including dipstick assays, lateral flow assays (LFAs), and microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), as well as the selection of substrates and fabrication methods. Further, we report the advances in improving detection sensitivity, quantification readout, procedure simplification and multi-functionalization of paper-based diagnostics, and discuss the disadvantages of paper-based diagnostics. We envision that miniaturized and integrated paper-based diagnostic devices with the sample-in-answer-out capability will meet the diverse requirements for diagnosis and treatment monitoring at the POC.
先进的诊断技术，如聚合酶链反应（PCR）和酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA），已广泛应用于设备齐全的实验室。然而，由于缺乏基本的基础设施和/或经过培训的操作人员，这些技术在资源有限的环境中并不可负担或不可用。基于纸张的诊断技术具有价格实惠、易于使用、快速、稳健和可规模化生产的特点，因此具有为资源有限的环境提供即时护理（POC）诊断的巨大潜力。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了基于纸张的诊断技术的工作原理和反应机制，包括纸条检测、侧向流动检测（LFA）和微流控纸基分析装置（μPAD），以及底物的选择和制造方法。此外，我们还报告了在提高检测灵敏度、定量读数、简化程序和多功能化方面的进展，并讨论了基于纸张的诊断技术的缺点。我们设想，具有样本到答案输出能力的小型化和集成化的基于纸张的诊断设备将满足在 POC 进行诊断和治疗监测的多样化需求。
