Vogt Carsten, Richnow Hans Hermann
Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany,
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2014;142:123-46. doi: 10.1007/10_2013_266.
Contamination of soil and natural waters by organic pollutants is a global problem. The major organic pollutants of point sources are mineral oil, fuel components, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Research from the last two decades discovered that most of these compounds are biodegradable under anoxic conditions. This has led to the rise of bioremediation strategies based on the in situ biodegradation of pollutants. Monitored natural attenuation is a concept by which a contaminated site is remediated by natural biodegradation; to evaluate such processes, a combination of chemical and microbiological methods are usually used. Compound specific stable isotope analysis emerged as a key method for detecting and quantifying in situ biodegradation. Natural attenuation processes can be initiated or accelerated by manipulating the environmental conditions to become favorable for indigenous pollutant degrading microbial communities or by adding externally breeded specific pollutant degrading microorganisms; these techniques are referred to as enhanced natural attenuation. Xenobiotic micropollutants, such as pesticides or pharmaceuticals, contaminate diffusively large areas in low concentrations; the biodegradation pattern of such contaminations are not yet understood.
有机污染物对土壤和天然水体的污染是一个全球性问题。点源的主要有机污染物是矿物油、燃料成分和氯代烃。过去二十年的研究发现，这些化合物中的大多数在缺氧条件下是可生物降解的。这导致了基于污染物原位生物降解的生物修复策略的兴起。监测自然衰减是一种通过自然生物降解修复受污染场地的概念；为了评估此类过程，通常会结合使用化学和微生物学方法。化合物特异性稳定同位素分析成为检测和量化原位生物降解的关键方法。通过操纵环境条件使其有利于本地污染物降解微生物群落，或添加外部培育的特定污染物降解微生物，可以启动或加速自然衰减过程；这些技术被称为强化自然衰减。外来微污染物，如农药或药品，以低浓度扩散污染大片区域；此类污染的生物降解模式尚不清楚。
