Hassel-Finnegan Heather, Borries Carola, Zhao Qing, Phiapalath Phaivanh, Koenig Andreas
Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Biology Department, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA.
Integr Zool. 2013 Dec;8(4):417-26. doi: 10.1111/1749-4877.12056.
We examined historical and ecological factors affecting current primate biodiversity in Southeast Asia. In Africa, Madagascar and South America, but not Southeast Asia, primate species richness is positively associated with average rainfall and distance from the equator (latitude). We predicted that Southeast Asia's non-conformance may be due to the effect of dispersed Pleistocene refuges (locations of constricted tropical forests during glacial maxima which today are at least 305 m in altitude). Based on 45 forested sites (13 on large islands; 32 on the mainland) of at least 100 km(2) to minimize recent human impact, we determined correlations between extant primate species richness and rainfall, latitude and supplementary ecological variables, while controlling for refuges and islands. We found that refuge sites had significantly higher primate species richness than non-refuges (t = -2.76, P < 0.05), and distance from the nearest Pleistocene refuge was negatively correlated with species richness for non-refuge sites (r = -0.51, P < 0.05). There was no difference in species richness between sites on large islands and the mainland (t = -1.4, P = 0.16). The expected positive relationship between rainfall and species richness was not found (r = 0.17, P = 0.28). As predicted, primate species richness was negatively correlated with latitude (r = -0.39, P < 0.05) and positively correlated with mean temperature (r = 0.45, P < 0.05). General linear models indicated that a site's latitude (F1,38 = 6.18, P < 0.05) and Pleistocene refuge classification (F1,42 = 5.96, P < 0.05) were the best predictors of species richness. Both ecological and historical factors contribute to present day primate species richness in Southeast Asia, making its biodiversity less of an outlier than previously believed.
我们研究了影响东南亚当前灵长类生物多样性的历史和生态因素。在非洲、马达加斯加和南美洲，而非东南亚，灵长类物种丰富度与平均降雨量以及距赤道的距离（纬度）呈正相关。我们预测，东南亚的这种不一致情况可能是由于更新世避难所分散的影响（冰川盛期时热带森林收缩的区域，如今海拔至少305米）。基于45个面积至少为100平方千米的森林地点（13个在大岛上；32个在大陆上），以尽量减少近期人类影响，我们确定了现存灵长类物种丰富度与降雨量、纬度及补充生态变量之间的相关性，同时控制避难所和岛屿因素。我们发现，避难所地点的灵长类物种丰富度显著高于非避难所地点（t = -2.76，P < 0.05），并且非避难所地点距最近更新世避难所的距离与物种丰富度呈负相关（r = -0.51，P < 0.05）。大岛和大陆上的地点在物种丰富度上没有差异（t = -1.4，P = 0.16）。未发现降雨量与物种丰富度之间预期的正相关关系（r = 0.17，P = 0.28）。如预测的那样，灵长类物种丰富度与纬度呈负相关（r = -0.39，P < 0.05），与平均温度呈正相关（r = 0.45，P < 0.05）。一般线性模型表明，一个地点的纬度（F1,38 = 6.18，P < 0.05）和更新世避难所分类（F1,42 = 5.96，P < 0.05）是物种丰富度的最佳预测指标。生态和历史因素都对东南亚当今的灵长类物种丰富度有贡献，这使得其生物多样性并不像以前认为的那样是个例外。
