a Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física , Universidad de Extremadura , Badajoz , Spain.
J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2014;49(4):410-21. doi: 10.1080/10934529.2014.854652.
Removal of nine pharmaceutical compounds--acetaminophen (AAF), antipyrine (ANT), caffeine (CAF), carbamazepine (CRB), diclofenac (DCF), hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), ketorolac (KET), metoprolol (MET) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX)-spiked in a primary sedimentation effluent of a municipal wastewater has been studied with sequential aerobic biological and ozone advanced oxidation systems. Combinations of ozone, UVA black light and Fe(III) or Fe3O4 constituted the chemical systems. During the biological treatment (hydraulic residence time, HRT = 24 h), only AAF and CAF were completely eliminated, MET, SMX and HCT reached partial removal rates and the rest of compounds were completely refractory. With any ozone advanced oxidation process applied, the remaining pharmaceuticals disappear in less than 10 min. Fe3O4 or Fe(III) photocatalytic ozonation leads to 35% mineralization compared to 13% reached during ozonation alone after about 30-min reaction. Also, biodegradability of the treated wastewater increased 50% in the biological process plus another 150% after the ozonation processes. Both untreated and treated wastewater was non-toxic for Daphnia magna (D. magna) except when Fe(III) was used in photocatalytic ozonation. In this case, toxicity was likely due to the ferryoxalate formed in the process. Kinetic information on ozone processes reveals that pharmaceuticals at concentrations they have in urban wastewater are mainly removed through free radical oxidation.
采用序批式好氧生物和臭氧高级氧化系统研究了市政废水一级沉淀出水中 9 种药物化合物（醋氨酚（AAF）、安替比林（ANT）、咖啡因（CAF）、卡马西平（CRB）、双氯芬酸（DCF）、氢氯噻嗪（HCT）、酮咯酸（KET）、美托洛尔（MET）和磺胺甲恶唑（SMX））的去除情况。臭氧、UVA 黑光灯和 Fe(III)或 Fe3O4 组合构成了化学系统。在生物处理过程中（水力停留时间，HRT=24 小时），只有 AAF 和 CAF 被完全去除，MET、SMX 和 HCT 达到部分去除率，其余化合物完全难以处理。应用任何臭氧高级氧化工艺，剩余药物在不到 10 分钟内消失。与单独臭氧氧化后 13%的矿化率相比，Fe3O4 或 Fe(III)光催化臭氧化导致 35%的矿化率，反应约 30 分钟后达到。此外，在臭氧处理过程后，处理废水的生物降解性增加了 50%，再增加 150%。未经处理和处理的废水对大型溞（Daphnia magna）（D. magna）均无毒，除非在光催化臭氧化过程中使用 Fe(III)。在这种情况下，毒性可能是由于该过程中形成的高铁草酸盐所致。关于臭氧过程的动力学信息表明，在城市废水中其浓度存在的药物化合物主要通过自由基氧化去除。
