Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Water Res. 2018 Jul 1;138:97-105. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.028. Epub 2018 Mar 12.
Individual treatment processes like biological treatment or ozonation have their limitations for the removal of pharmaceuticals from secondary clarified effluents with high organic matter concentrations (i.e. 17 mg TOC/L). These limitations can be overcome by combining these two processes for a cost-effective pharmaceutical removal. A three-step biological-ozone-biological (BOB) treatment process was therefore designed for the enhanced pharmaceutical removal from wastewater effluent. The first biological step removed 38% of ozone scavenging TOC, thus proportionally reducing the absolute ozone input for the subsequent ozonation. Complementariness between biological and ozone treatment, i.e. targeting different pharmaceuticals, resulted in cost-effective pharmaceutical removal by the overall BOB process. At a low ozone dose of 0.2 g O/g TOC and an HRT of 1.46 h in the biological reactors, the removal of 8 out of 9 pharmaceuticals exceeded 85%, except for metoprolol (60%). Testing various ozone doses and HRTs revealed that pharmaceuticals were ineffectively removed at 0.1 g O3/g TOC and an HRT of 0.3 h. At HRTs of 0.47 and 1.46 h easily and moderately biodegradable pharmaceuticals such as caffeine, gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, naproxen and sulfamethoxazole were over 95% removed by biological treatment. The biorecalcitrant carbamazepine was completely ozonated at a dose of 0.4 g O/g TOC. Ozonation products are likely biodegraded in the last biological reactor as a 17% TOC removal was found. No appreciable acute toxicity towards D. magna, P. subcapitata and V. fischeri was found after exposure to the influents and effluents of the individual BOB reactors. The BOB process is estimated to increase the yearly wastewater treatment tariff per population equivalent in the Netherlands by less than 10%. Overall, the BOB process is a cost-effective treatment process for the removal of pharmaceuticals from secondary clarified effluents.
对于从高有机物浓度（即 17mgTOC/L）的二级澄清废水中去除药物，个体处理过程（如生物处理或臭氧氧化）存在局限性。通过将这两种工艺结合起来，可以以较低的成本去除药物，从而克服这些局限性。因此，设计了一个三步生物-臭氧-生物（BOB）处理工艺，用于增强从废水处理厂废水中去除药物。第一个生物步骤去除了 38%的臭氧消耗 TOC，从而相应地减少了后续臭氧氧化所需的绝对臭氧输入。生物处理和臭氧处理之间的互补性，即针对不同的药物，通过整个 BOB 工艺实现了具有成本效益的药物去除。在生物反应器中臭氧剂量为 0.2gO/gTOC 和水力停留时间为 1.46h 的低臭氧剂量下，除了美托洛尔（60%）外，8 种药物中有 9 种的去除率超过 85%。测试各种臭氧剂量和水力停留时间表明，在 0.1gO3/gTOC 和水力停留时间为 0.3h 的情况下，药物去除效果不佳。在水力停留时间为 0.47 和 1.46h 时，咖啡因、吉非贝齐、布洛芬、萘普生和磺胺甲恶唑等易生物降解和中度生物降解的药物去除率超过 95%。生物处理可完全去除生物难降解的卡马西平，其臭氧剂量为 0.4gO/gTOC。臭氧氧化产物可能在最后一个生物反应器中生物降解，因为发现 TOC 去除率为 17%。接触个体 BOB 反应器的进水和出水后，未发现对大型溞、斜生栅藻和发光菌有明显的急性毒性。BOB 工艺估计将使荷兰每人每年的污水处理费增加不到 10%。总的来说，BOB 工艺是从二级澄清废水中去除药物的一种具有成本效益的处理工艺。
