Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, Rome, Italy.
Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2014 Mar;30 Suppl 1:24-33. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.2515.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the fastest growing diseases; the number of people affected by diabetes will soon reach 552 million worldwide, with associated increases in complications and healthcare expenditure. Lifestyle and medical nutrition therapy are considered the keystones of type 2 diabetes prevention and treatment, but there is no definite consensus on how to treat this disease with these therapies. The American Diabetes Association has made several recommendations regarding the medical nutrition therapy of diabetes; these emphasize the importance of minimizing macrovascular and microvascular complications in people with diabetes. Four types of diets were reviewed for their effects on diabetes: the Mediterranean diet, a low-carbohydrate/high-protein diet, a vegan diet and a vegetarian diet. Each of the four types of diet has been shown to improve metabolic conditions, but the degree of improvement varies from patient to patient. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate a patient's pathophysiological characteristics in order to determine the diet that will achieve metabolic improvement in each individual. Many dietary regimens are available for patients with type 2 diabetes to choose from, according to personal taste and cultural tradition. It is important to provide a tailor-made diet wherever possible in order to maximize the efficacy of the diet on reducing diabetes symptoms and to encourage patient adherence. Additional randomized studies, both short term (to analyse physiological responses) and long term, could help reduce the multitude of diets currently recommended and focus on a shorter list of useful regimens.
2 型糖尿病是增长最快的疾病之一；全球受糖尿病影响的人数将很快达到 5.52 亿，由此导致的并发症和医疗保健支出也在增加。生活方式和医学营养疗法被认为是预防和治疗 2 型糖尿病的关键，但对于如何用这些疗法治疗这种疾病，目前还没有明确的共识。美国糖尿病协会针对糖尿病的医学营养治疗提出了若干建议；这些建议强调了将大血管和微血管并发症最小化的重要性。对四种饮食方案进行了糖尿病影响的评估：地中海饮食、低碳水化合物/高蛋白饮食、纯素饮食和素食饮食。这四种饮食都已被证明可以改善代谢状况，但改善程度因患者而异。因此，有必要评估患者的病理生理特征，以确定哪种饮食方案能在每个个体中实现代谢改善。根据个人口味和文化传统，为 2 型糖尿病患者提供了许多饮食方案供其选择。重要的是尽可能提供个性化的饮食方案，以最大限度地提高饮食对减轻糖尿病症状的功效，并鼓励患者坚持。更多的随机研究，包括短期（分析生理反应）和长期，可能有助于减少目前推荐的多种饮食方案，并关注更短的有用方案列表。
