Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, 80538 Munich, Germany.
Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, Pfarrstrasse 3, 80538 Munich, Germany.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2014 Jul;217(6):628-37. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.11.003. Epub 2013 Dec 6.
Despite the recent popularity of e-cigarettes, to date only limited data is available on their safety for both users and secondhand smokers. The present study reports a comprehensive inner and outer exposure assessment of e-cigarette emissions in terms of particulate matter (PM), particle number concentrations (PNC), volatile organic compounds (VOC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), carbonyls, and metals. In six vaping sessions nine volunteers consumed e-cigarettes with and without nicotine in a thoroughly ventilated room for two hours. We analyzed the levels of e-cigarette pollutants in indoor air and monitored effects on FeNO release and urinary metabolite profile of the subjects. For comparison, the components of the e-cigarette solutions (liquids) were additionally analyzed. During the vaping sessions substantial amounts of 1,2-propanediol, glycerine and nicotine were found in the gas-phase, as well as high concentrations of PM2.5 (mean 197 μg/m(3)). The concentration of putative carcinogenic PAH in indoor air increased by 20% to 147 ng/m(3), and aluminum showed a 2.4-fold increase. PNC ranged from 48,620 to 88,386 particles/cm(3) (median), with peaks at diameters 24-36 nm. FeNO increased in 7 of 9 individuals. The nicotine content of the liquids varied and was 1.2-fold higher than claimed by the manufacturer. Our data confirm that e-cigarettes are not emission-free and their pollutants could be of health concern for users and secondhand smokers. In particular, ultrafine particles formed from supersaturated 1,2-propanediol vapor can be deposited in the lung, and aerosolized nicotine seems capable of increasing the release of the inflammatory signaling molecule NO upon inhalation. In view of consumer safety, e-cigarettes and nicotine liquids should be officially regulated and labeled with appropriate warnings of potential health effects, particularly of toxicity risk in children.
尽管电子烟最近很流行，但迄今为止，关于它们对使用者和二手烟民的安全性，仅有有限的数据。本研究报告了电子烟排放物的综合内外暴露评估，包括颗粒物 (PM)、颗粒数浓度 (PNC)、挥发性有机化合物 (VOC)、多环芳烃 (PAH)、羰基化合物和金属。在六次电子烟吸食过程中，九名志愿者在通风良好的房间内吸食有尼古丁和无尼古丁的电子烟，时间持续两小时。我们分析了室内空气中电子烟污染物的水平，并监测了它们对 FeNO 释放和受试者尿代谢物谱的影响。为了进行比较，还对电子烟溶液（液体）的成分进行了分析。在吸食电子烟的过程中，气相中发现了大量的 1,2-丙二醇、甘油和尼古丁，以及高浓度的 PM2.5（平均值为 197μg/m3）。室内空气中潜在致癌性 PAH 的浓度增加了 20%，达到 147ng/m3，而铝的浓度增加了 2.4 倍。PNC 范围为 48620-88386 个颗粒/cm3（中位数），峰值在直径 24-36nm。9 个人中有 7 个人的 FeNO 增加。液体中的尼古丁含量各不相同，比制造商声称的高出 1.2 倍。我们的数据证实电子烟并非无排放物，其污染物可能对使用者和二手烟民的健康构成威胁。特别是，来自过饱和 1,2-丙二醇蒸气的超细颗粒可在肺部沉积，而气溶胶化的尼古丁似乎能够在吸入时增加炎症信号分子 NO 的释放。考虑到消费者安全，电子烟和尼古丁液体应受到官方监管，并贴上适当的警告标签，说明潜在的健康影响，特别是对儿童的毒性风险。
