Spietelun Agata, Marcinkowski Łukasz, de la Guardia Miguel, Namieśnik Jacek
Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Narutowicza Street 11/12, Gdansk 80-233, Poland.
University of Valencia, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Building, 50th Dr. Moliner Street, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
Talanta. 2014 Feb;119:34-45. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.050. Epub 2013 Oct 29.
Determination of analytes at trace levels in complex samples (e.g. biological or contaminated water or soils) are often required for the environmental assessment and monitoring as well as for scientific research in the field of environmental pollution. A limited number of analytical techniques are sensitive enough for the direct determination of trace components in samples and, because of that, a preliminary step of the analyte isolation/enrichment prior to analysis is required in many cases. In this work the newest trends and innovations in liquid phase microextraction, like: single-drop microextraction (SDME), hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME), and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) have been discussed, including their critical evaluation and possible application in analytical practice. The described modifications of extraction techniques deal with system miniaturization and/or automation, the use of ultrasound and physical agitation, and electrochemical methods. Particular attention was given to pro-ecological aspects therefore the possible use of novel, non-toxic extracting agents, inter alia, ionic liquids, coacervates, surfactant solutions and reverse micelles in the liquid phase microextraction techniques has been evaluated in depth. Also, new methodological solutions and the related instruments and devices for the efficient liquid phase micoextraction of analytes, which have found application at the stage of procedure prior to chromatographic determination, are presented.
在环境评估与监测以及环境污染领域的科学研究中，常常需要测定复杂样品（如生物样品、受污染的水或土壤）中的痕量分析物。只有有限的几种分析技术对直接测定样品中的痕量成分足够灵敏，因此在许多情况下，分析前需要进行分析物分离/富集的预处理步骤。在这项工作中，讨论了液相微萃取的最新趋势和创新方法，如：单滴微萃取（SDME）、中空纤维液相微萃取（HF-LPME）和分散液液微萃取（DLLME），包括对它们的批判性评价以及在分析实践中的可能应用。所描述的萃取技术改进涉及系统小型化和/或自动化、超声和物理搅拌的使用以及电化学方法。特别关注了生态方面，因此深入评估了新型无毒萃取剂在液相微萃取技术中的可能应用，尤其是离子液体、凝聚层、表面活性剂溶液和反胶束。此外，还介绍了在色谱测定前的程序阶段已得到应用的、用于高效液相微萃取分析物的新方法解决方案以及相关仪器和设备。
