Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Faisal Road, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
Molecules. 2024 Aug 17;29(16):3900. doi: 10.3390/molecules29163900.
Among the various compounds regarded as emerging contaminants (ECs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are of particular concern. Their continuous release into the environment has a negative global impact on human life. This review summarizes the sources, occurrence, persistence, consequences of exposure, and toxicity of PPCPs, and evaluates the various analytical methods used in the identification and quantification of PPCPs in a variety of solid and liquid environmental matrices. The current techniques of choice for the analysis of PPCPs are state-of-the-art liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). However, the complexity of the environmental matrices and the trace levels of micropollutants necessitate the use of advanced sample treatments before these instrumental analyses. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) with different sorbents is now the predominant method used for the extraction of PPCPs from environmental samples. This review also addresses the ongoing analytical method challenges, including sample clean-up and matrix effects, focusing on the occurrence, sample preparation, and analytical methods presently available for the determination of environmental residues of PPCPs. Continuous development of innovative analytical methods is essential for overcoming existing limitations and ensuring the consistency and diversity of analytical methods used in investigations of environmental multi-class compounds.
在被认为是新兴污染物 (ECs) 的各种化合物中，药品和个人护理产品 (PPCPs) 尤其令人关注。它们持续不断地释放到环境中，对全球人类生活产生了负面影响。本综述总结了 PPCPs 的来源、存在、持久性、暴露的后果和毒性，并评估了用于识别和定量各种固体和液体环境基质中 PPCPs 的各种分析方法。目前分析 PPCPs 的首选技术是最先进的液相色谱与质谱联用 (LC-MS) 或串联质谱 (LC-MS)。然而，环境基质的复杂性和痕量污染物水平要求在进行这些仪器分析之前，使用先进的样品处理方法。固相萃取 (SPE) 与不同的吸附剂现在是从环境样品中提取 PPCPs 的主要方法。本综述还讨论了目前存在的分析方法挑战，包括样品净化和基质效应，重点介绍了环境残留 PPCPs 的目前存在情况、样品制备和分析方法。不断开发创新的分析方法对于克服现有局限性以及确保环境多类化合物研究中使用的分析方法的一致性和多样性至关重要。
