World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 1991 Mar;7(2):115-20. doi: 10.1007/BF00328980.
There are several viral infectious diseases with a high impact on developing countries which can be prevented by immunization with existing vaccines. The most important are poliomyelitis, measles, hepatitis B and yellow fever. Vaccines against poliomyelitis and measles used within the framework of the WHO/Expanded Programme on Immunization prevent about 1.4 million deaths from measles and 360,000 cases of paralytic polio per year in developing countries, but about 1.5 million measles' deaths and 200,000 cases of paralytic polio still occur. Hepatitis B infection and its sequelae are responsible for over 50 million infections and one million deaths annually. Highly effective hepatitis B vaccines are now available and the price of these vaccines for the developing world has fallen dramatically. Despite the availability of a safe and efficacious yellow fever vaccine since 1937, 5400 cases of this disease with 3200 deaths were reported in Africa and South America from 1986 to 1988. Because of the efficacy of existing vaccines and the lack of animal reservoirs or vectors, systematic vaccination programmes within the framework of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) could theoretically eliminate and even eradicate poliomyelltis, measles and hepatitis B. Many different obstacles need to be overcome before these goals are realized.
有几种病毒性传染病对发展中国家影响很大，但可以通过使用现有疫苗进行免疫接种来预防。其中最重要的是脊髓灰质炎、麻疹、乙型肝炎和黄热病。在世卫组织/扩大免疫规划框架内使用的脊髓灰质炎和麻疹疫苗每年可预防约 140 万例麻疹死亡和 36 万例麻痹性脊髓灰质炎病例，但仍有约 150 万例麻疹死亡和 20 万例麻痹性脊髓灰质炎病例发生。乙型肝炎感染及其后果每年导致超过 5000 万人感染和 100 万人死亡。目前已有高效乙型肝炎疫苗，发展中国家的这些疫苗价格已大幅下降。尽管自 1937 年以来就有安全有效的黄热病疫苗，但 1986 年至 1988 年期间，非洲和南美洲仍报告了 5400 例该病病例和 3200 例死亡病例。由于现有疫苗的有效性以及缺乏动物宿主或媒介，在扩大免疫规划框架内实施系统疫苗接种方案理论上可以消除甚至根除脊髓灰质炎、麻疹和乙型肝炎。在实现这些目标之前，需要克服许多不同的障碍。
