Stuart-Harris C
Rev Infect Dis. 1984 May-Jun;6(3):405-11. doi: 10.1093/clinids/6.3.405.
The meaning of eradication, which is an irreversible conclusion, is considered primarily to distinguish it from elimination, which is reversible from outside the area. Poliomyelitis and measles are at present the diseases for which conditions most favor an attempt to produce eradication. Poliomyelitis has now reached a frequency in the developing world as high as it was in the prevaccine era of the United States. The use of oral vaccine is a deliberate attempt to substitute the wild-type polioviruses in the community with the vaccine-like viruses derived from the vaccine itself. Mass use of vaccine in all children less than five years of age on a single day twice in a year has produced a critical decrease in the incidence of the disease in Brazil. Following determined efforts to achieve immunization of at least 95% of the population, the United States is now nearing the state of complete freedom from the transmission of measles virus. The use of diploid cells for making vaccine has enabled the virus to be given as an aerosol to babies less than six months of age and would be of particular value in developing countries. The high transmissibility of measles makes a severe demand for vaccine, but so long as the uptake of vaccine reaches at least 90%, the successful elimination of measles is extremely probable.
根除的意义是一个不可逆转的结果，主要是为了将其与消除相区分，消除在该地区以外是可逆的。脊髓灰质炎和麻疹是目前最有利于尝试实现根除的疾病。脊髓灰质炎在发展中世界的发病率现已达到美国疫苗接种前时代的水平。使用口服疫苗是一种有意的尝试，即用源自疫苗本身的疫苗样病毒取代社区中的野生型脊髓灰质炎病毒。在巴西，每年两次在同一天对所有五岁以下儿童大规模使用疫苗，已使该疾病的发病率大幅下降。经过坚定努力实现至少95%的人口免疫后，美国目前正接近完全摆脱麻疹病毒传播的状态。使用二倍体细胞生产疫苗使得可以向六个月以下婴儿以气溶胶形式接种该病毒，这在发展中国家将具有特别价值。麻疹的高传播性对疫苗提出了严格要求，但只要疫苗接种率至少达到90%，成功消除麻疹极有可能。
