Amaral Luísa, Claessens Albrecht L, Ferreirinha José, Maia José, Santos Paulo
*Health Sciences School, University of Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal; †Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; ‡Research Centre for Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; and §Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
Clin J Sport Med. 2014 Sep;24(5):429-34. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000070.
To analyze the variability and longitudinal stress-related changes in ulnar variance (UV) in a group of immature artistic gymnasts. The relationship between UV and a group of biological and training variables was also investigated.
Prospective cohort study.
Portuguese Federation of Gymnastics.
Twenty-five Portuguese skeletally immature gymnasts competing nationally.
Skeletal age (Tanner-Whitehouse 3 method), stature, body mass and body mass index (BMI) (Seca stadiometer), fat-free mass and percentage of body fat mass (Tanita BC 418), handgrip strength (Takei dynamometer), and training data (interview).
To determine UV stress-related changes over time, left UV was obtained using Hafner procedure. Ulnar variance values and biological characteristics were tested twice (at baseline and after 18 months of training).
Analysis of covariance analysis presented a significant interaction between age and time effect in UV at baseline. Each category of UV reacted differently to the interaction between age and training time. Significant relationships between UV and biological and training variables (chronological and skeletal age, body mass, BMI, handgrip strength, hour per week, and years of training) were evident in at least one of the moments of data collection.
The gymnasts showed significant longitudinal UV changes toward less negative UV over the training period. Nevertheless, we could not find a significant correlation between UV and the majority of the researched variables. Thus, although UV has been broadly studied, this phenomenon is complex because it depends on different intrinsic and extrinsic factors that are difficult to control, making necessary additional research on this topic.
The gymnast's wrist has been associated with a high incidence of painful symptomatology and injuries, leading to the formulation of several hypotheses related to the UV ethiology. Knowledge about the possible intrinsic or extrinsic factors related to UV changes and/or different UV categories (negative, neutral, and positive), as well as their consequent specific injuries in gymnasts' wrists may contribute to a primary prevention or reduction in the occurrence, recurrence and severity of pain, functional disability, or injuries in radius-ulnocarpal joint, thereby improving gymnasts' performance.
分析一组未成熟艺术体操运动员尺骨变异（UV）的变异性和与纵向应力相关的变化。还研究了UV与一组生物学和训练变量之间的关系。
前瞻性队列研究。
葡萄牙体操联合会。
25名在全国比赛的葡萄牙骨骼未成熟体操运动员。
骨骼年龄（坦纳-怀特豪斯3法）、身高、体重和体重指数（BMI）（赛卡身高计）、去脂体重和体脂百分比（百利达BC 418）、握力（竹内测力计）以及训练数据（访谈）。
为了确定UV随时间与应力相关的变化，采用哈夫纳程序获取左侧UV。尺骨变异值和生物学特征在两个时间点进行检测（基线时和训练18个月后）。
协方差分析显示基线时UV的年龄和时间效应之间存在显著交互作用。UV的每一类对年龄和训练时间之间的交互作用反应不同。在至少一个数据收集时间点，UV与生物学和训练变量（实际年龄和骨骼年龄、体重、BMI、握力、每周训练小时数和训练年限）之间存在显著关系。
在训练期间，体操运动员的UV呈现出显著的纵向变化，向负性较小的UV转变。然而，我们未发现UV与大多数研究变量之间存在显著相关性。因此，尽管UV已得到广泛研究，但这种现象很复杂，因为它取决于不同的内在和外在因素，难以控制，这使得有必要对该主题进行更多研究。
体操运动员的手腕与疼痛症状和损伤的高发生率相关，从而产生了几种与UV病因相关的假说。了解与UV变化和/或不同UV类别（负性、中性和正性）相关的可能内在或外在因素，以及它们在体操运动员手腕中导致的特定损伤，可能有助于一级预防或减少桡尺腕关节疼痛、功能障碍或损伤的发生、复发和严重程度，从而提高体操运动员的表现。
