Muttray Axel, Breitinger Anais, Goetze Elisabeth, Schnupp Thomas, Geissler Britta, Kaufmann Thomas, Golz Martin, Letzel Stephan
Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany,
Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2013 Dec;26(6):949-65. doi: 10.2478/s13382-013-0164-5. Epub 2014 Jan 25.
The purpose of this study was to refine a commercial car driving simulation for occupational research. As the effects of ethanol on driving behavior are well established, we choose alcohol as a test compound to investigate the performance of subjects during simulation.
We programmed a night driving scenario consisting of monotonous highway and a rural road on a Foerst F10-P driving simulator. Twenty healthy men, 19-30 years, participated in a pilot study. Subjects were screened for simulator sickness, followed by training on the simulator one hour in total. Experiments were performed in the morning on a separate day. Participants were randomized into either an alcoholized or a control group. All subjects drove two courses consisting of highway and rural road and were sober for the first course. During a 1 h break the ethanol group drank an alcoholic beverage to yield 0.06% blood alcohol concentration (BAC). Generalized linear mixed models were used to analyze the influence of alcohol on driving performance. Among others, independent variables were Simulator Sickness Questionnaire scores and subjective sleepiness.
Subjects did not experience simulator sickness during the experiments. Mean BAC before the second test drive was 0.065% in the mildly intoxicated group. There was no clear-cut difference in the number of crashes between 2 groups. BAC of 0.1% would deteriorate mean braking reaction time by 237 ms (SE = 112, p < 0.05). Ethanol slightly impaired the tracking in the right-hand curves (p = 0.058). Braking reaction time improved by 86 ms (SE = 36, p < 0.05) for the second test drive, indicating a learning effect.
In sum, a clear ethanol effect was observed in the driving simulation. This simulation seems suitable for occupational research and produces little simulator sickness. Controlling for possible learning effects is recommended in driving simulation studies.
本研究旨在优化一款用于职业研究的商用汽车驾驶模拟器。由于乙醇对驾驶行为的影响已得到充分证实，我们选择酒精作为测试化合物，以研究受试者在模拟过程中的表现。
我们在福斯特F10 - P驾驶模拟器上编写了一个夜间驾驶场景，包括单调的高速公路和乡村道路。20名年龄在19至30岁之间的健康男性参与了一项初步研究。对受试者进行模拟器疾病筛查，随后总共在模拟器上进行一小时的训练。实验在另一天的上午进行。参与者被随机分为酒精组或对照组。所有受试者都驾驶由高速公路和乡村道路组成的两条路线，第一条路线时保持清醒。在1小时的休息期间，乙醇组饮用含酒精饮料，使血液酒精浓度（BAC）达到0.06%。使用广义线性混合模型分析酒精对驾驶性能的影响。其中，自变量包括模拟器疾病问卷得分和主观嗜睡程度。
实验过程中受试者未出现模拟器疾病。轻度中毒组第二次试驾前的平均BAC为0.065%。两组之间的碰撞次数没有明显差异。BAC达到0.1%会使平均制动反应时间延长237毫秒（标准误 = 112，p < 0.05）。乙醇对右手弯道的跟踪有轻微影响（p = 0.058）。第二次试驾时制动反应时间缩短了86毫秒（标准误 = 36，p < 0.05），表明存在学习效应。
总之，在驾驶模拟中观察到了明显的乙醇效应。这种模拟似乎适用于职业研究，且产生的模拟器疾病较少。建议在驾驶模拟研究中控制可能的学习效应。
