Iacovou Emily, Vlastarakos Petros V, Papacharalampous George, Kampessis George, Nikolopoulos Thomas P
General Hospital of Larnaca, Cyprus;
Lister Hospital, Stevenage, UK;
Infect Dis Rep. 2012 Jan 2;4(1):e9. doi: 10.4081/idr.2012.e9.
Almost 30 years after its first description, HIV still remains a global pandemic. The present paper aims to review the current knowledge on the ear, nose and throat (ENT) manifestations of HIV infection, and present the available diagnostic and treatment options. A literature review was conducted in Medline and other available database sources. Information from related books was also included in the data analysis. It is well acknowledged that up to 80% of HIV-infected patients eventually develop ENT manifestations; among which, oral disease appears to be the most common. Oro-pharyngeal manifestations include candidiasis, periodontal and gingival disease, HSV and HPV infection, oral hairy leucoplakia, Kaposi's sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. ENT manifestations in the neck can present as cervical lymphadenopathy or parotid gland enlargement. Respective nasal manifestations include sinusitis (often due to atypical bacteria), and allergic rhinitis. Finally, otological manifestations include otitis (externa, or media), inner ear involvement (sensorineural hearing loss, disequilibrium), and facial nerve palsy (up to 100 times more frequently compared to the general population). Although ENT symptoms are not diagnostic of the disease, they might be suggestive of HIV infection, or related to its progression and the respective treatment failure. ENT doctors should be aware of the ENT manifestations associated with HIV disease, and the respective diagnosis and treatment. A multi-disciplinary approach may be required to provide the appropriate level of care to HIV patients.
在首次被描述近30年后，艾滋病毒仍然是一种全球大流行病。本文旨在综述目前关于艾滋病毒感染的耳鼻喉（ENT）表现的知识，并介绍现有的诊断和治疗选择。在Medline和其他可用的数据库来源中进行了文献综述。数据分析中还纳入了相关书籍中的信息。众所周知，高达80%的艾滋病毒感染患者最终会出现耳鼻喉表现；其中，口腔疾病似乎最为常见。口咽表现包括念珠菌病、牙周和牙龈疾病、单纯疱疹病毒和人乳头瘤病毒感染、口腔毛状白斑、卡波西肉瘤和非霍奇金淋巴瘤。颈部的耳鼻喉表现可表现为颈部淋巴结病或腮腺肿大。相应的鼻部表现包括鼻窦炎（通常由非典型细菌引起）和过敏性鼻炎。最后，耳部表现包括中耳炎（外耳炎或中耳炎）、内耳受累（感音神经性听力损失、平衡失调）和面神经麻痹（与普通人群相比频率高达100倍）。虽然耳鼻喉症状不能诊断该疾病，但它们可能提示艾滋病毒感染，或与其进展及相应的治疗失败有关。耳鼻喉科医生应了解与艾滋病毒疾病相关的耳鼻喉表现以及相应的诊断和治疗方法。可能需要采取多学科方法为艾滋病毒患者提供适当水平的护理。
