Pennings Pleuni S
Department of Biology, Stanford University , CA, USA.
Infect Dis Rep. 2013 Jun 6;5(Suppl 1):e5. doi: 10.4081/idr.2013.s1.e5.
Access to combination antiretroviral treatment (ART) has improved greatly over recent years. At the end of 2011, more than eight million HIV-infected people were receiving ART in low-income and middle-income countries. ART generally works well in keeping the virus suppressed and the patient healthy. However, treatment only works as long as the virus is not resistant against the drugs used. In the last decades, HIV treatments have become better and better at slowing down the evolution of drug resistance, so that some patients are treated for many years without having any resistance problems. However, for some patients, especially in low-income countries, drug resistance is still a serious threat to their health. This essay will review what is known about transmitted and acquired drug resistance, multi-class drug resistance, resistance to newer drugs, resistance due to treatment for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission, the role of minority variants (low-frequency drug-resistance mutations), and resistance due to pre-exposure prophylaxis.
近年来，获得联合抗逆转录病毒治疗（ART）的机会有了很大改善。2011年底，低收入和中等收入国家有超过800万艾滋病毒感染者正在接受抗逆转录病毒治疗。抗逆转录病毒治疗通常在抑制病毒和保持患者健康方面效果良好。然而，只有在病毒对所用药物不产生耐药性的情况下，治疗才会起作用。在过去几十年里，艾滋病毒治疗在减缓耐药性演变方面变得越来越好，以至于一些患者接受多年治疗都没有任何耐药问题。然而，对于一些患者，尤其是在低收入国家，耐药性仍然严重威胁着他们的健康。本文将综述关于传播性和获得性耐药、多类耐药、对新型药物的耐药、预防母婴传播治疗导致的耐药、少数变异株（低频耐药突变）的作用以及暴露前预防导致的耐药的已知情况。
