Løhre Erik, Teigen Karl Halvor
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Simula Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway.
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway; Simula Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway.
Acta Psychol (Amst). 2014 May;148:63-73. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.01.005. Epub 2014 Jan 31.
Recent research on verbal probability statements has revealed that some expressions (e.g., possible) are especially appropriate for describing outcomes in the high end of a distribution, whereas other expressions (e.g., certain) are more appropriate for describing low-end values. However, some dimensions appear to be reversible, with higher achievements sometimes associated with high and sometimes with low values, depending on frame. We report three experiments where this "reframing effect" is studied in communications of estimated performance time, both from a speaker's and from a listener's perspective. We hypothesize that statements describing tasks as "taking time" suggest a duration frame, and find accordingly that statements about how many hours that possibly will be spent on a task, or the time a task possibly takes, lead to high time estimates. Statements focusing on the actor's role suggest, in contrast, a speed frame, thus statements about what the actor can possibly do lead to low time estimates. Estimates of the time a task certainly takes or when it is certainly done follow the opposite pattern. The results are in line with approaches that see production and comprehension of language as a dynamical and context-driven process.
近期关于言语概率表述的研究表明，某些表达方式（例如“可能”）特别适合描述分布高端的结果，而其他表达方式（例如“肯定”）更适合描述低端数值。然而，某些维度似乎是可逆的，根据框架不同，更高的成就有时与高值相关，有时与低值相关。我们报告了三项实验，从说话者和听众的角度，对估计表现时间的交流中这种“框架效应”进行了研究。我们假设，将任务描述为“花费时间”的表述暗示了一个时长框架，并相应地发现，关于一项任务可能会花费多少小时，或者一项任务可能需要多长时间的表述，会导致较高的时间估计。相比之下，关注行动者角色的表述暗示了一个速度框架，因此关于行动者可能做到什么程度的表述会导致较低的时间估计。对一项任务肯定需要多长时间或肯定何时完成的估计则呈现相反的模式。这些结果与将语言的产生和理解视为一个动态的、受语境驱动的过程的观点一致。
