Galli Gina L J, Richards Jeffrey G
Faculty of Medicine and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, 2.4 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton St, Manchester, M139NT, UK,
J Comp Physiol B. 2014 Apr;184(3):285-302. doi: 10.1007/s00360-014-0806-3. Epub 2014 Feb 7.
The mitochondrion plays a critical role in the development of Oxygen (O2)-related diseases. While research has predominantly focused on hypoxia-sensitive mammals as surrogates for humans, the use of animals which have naturally evolved anoxia tolerance has been largely ignored. Remarkably, some animals can live in the complete absence of O2 for days, months and even years, but surprisingly little is currently known about mitochondrial function in these species. In contrast to mammals, mitochondrial function in anoxia-tolerant animals is relatively insensitive to in vitro anoxia and reoxygenation, suggesting that anoxia tolerance transcends to the level of the mitochondria. Furthermore, long-term anoxia is associated with marked changes in the intrinsic properties of the mitochondria from these species, which may afford protection against anoxia-related damage. In the present review, we highlight some of the strategies anoxia-tolerant animals possess to preserve mitochondrial function in the absence of O2. Specifically, we review mitochondrial Ca(2+) regulation, proton leak, redox signaling and mitochondrial permeability transition, in phylogenetically diverse groups of anoxia-tolerant animals. From the strategies they employ, these species emerge as model organisms to illuminate novel interventions to mitigate O2-related mitochondrial dysfunction in humans.
线粒体在与氧（O2）相关疾病的发展中起着关键作用。虽然研究主要集中在对缺氧敏感的哺乳动物作为人类的替代物，但对自然进化出耐缺氧能力的动物的研究在很大程度上被忽视了。值得注意的是，一些动物可以在完全没有氧气的情况下存活数天、数月甚至数年，但令人惊讶的是，目前对这些物种中线粒体功能的了解却很少。与哺乳动物不同，耐缺氧动物的线粒体功能对体外缺氧和复氧相对不敏感，这表明耐缺氧能力超越了线粒体水平。此外，长期缺氧与这些物种线粒体固有特性的显著变化有关，这可能提供对缺氧相关损伤的保护。在本综述中，我们重点介绍了耐缺氧动物在无氧条件下维持线粒体功能所具备的一些策略。具体而言，我们回顾了系统发育上不同的耐缺氧动物群体中线粒体Ca(2+)调节、质子泄漏、氧化还原信号传导和线粒体通透性转换。从它们采用的策略来看，这些物种成为了阐明减轻人类与氧相关线粒体功能障碍的新干预措施的模式生物。
