Dhama K, Rajagunalan S, Chakraborty S, Verma A K, Kumar A, Tiwari R, Kapoor S
Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (U.P.)-243122, India.
Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly (U.P.)-243122, India.
Pak J Biol Sci. 2013 Oct 15;16(20):1076-85. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2013.1076.1085.
The term food borne diseases or food-borne illnesses or more commonly food poisoning are used to denote gastrointestinal complications that occur following recent consumption of a particular food or drink. Millions of people suffer worldwide every year and the situation is quiet grave in developing nations creating social and economic strain. The food borne pathogens include various bacteria viz., Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus, Arcobacter, Clostridium perfringens, Cl. botulinum and Bacillus cereus and helminths viz., Taenia. They also include protozoa viz., Trichinella, Sarcocystis, Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum. The zoonotic potential and the ability to elaborate toxins by many of the microbes causing fatal intoxication are sufficient to understand the seriousness of the situation. The viral agents being host specific their transmission to humans through food of animal origin is not yet confirmed although these animal viruses are similar to that of viruses infecting human. Food-borne bacteria; protozoa and helminthes have complex distribution pattern in the environment and inside the host system. This along with complexity of the maintenance chain and life cycle (of parasites) has made it difficult for epidemiologist and diagnostician to undertake any immediate safety measures against them. Serological and molecular diagnostic tests viz. ELISA, Latex agglutination test, Lateral flow assays, Immunomagnetic separation assays, molecular assays viz. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), multiplex PCR, immuno-PCR, Realtime PCR, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR, DNA microarrays and probes are widely used. Along with these LAMP assays, Capillary Electrophoresis-Single Strand Confirmation polymorphism (CE-SSCP); Flow cytometry, FISH, Biosensors, Direct epifluorescent filter technique, nanotechnology based methods and sophisticated tools (ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging and chlonangio-pancreatography) have aided in the diagnosis greatly. Most of the food-borne illnesses are self-limiting but in many instances antibiotics are recommended. With the increased drug resistance however use of chicken immunoglobulin, bacteriophage therapy, probiotics and herbs are gaining much importance these days. Adoption of proper prevention and control measures (including cooking procedures; hygiene, strict adherence to HACCP principles, public awareness and disease surveillance and monitoring) are the need of hour. All these have been discussed vividly in this review to help epidemiologists, diagnosticians, clinicians and above all common people so as to enable them avoid negligence regarding such serious issue.
食源性疾病或食源性病症，更常见的是食物中毒，用于指近期食用特定食物或饮料后发生的胃肠道并发症。全球每年有数百万人患病，在发展中国家，这种情况相当严重，造成了社会和经济压力。食源性病原体包括各种细菌，如沙门氏菌、弯曲杆菌、大肠杆菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌、葡萄球菌、弓形杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌、肉毒梭菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌，以及蠕虫，如绦虫。它们还包括原生动物，如旋毛虫、肉孢子虫、刚地弓形虫和微小隐孢子虫。许多导致致命中毒的微生物具有人畜共患病潜力和产生毒素的能力，足以说明情况的严重性。病毒具有宿主特异性，尽管这些动物病毒与感染人类的病毒相似，但它们通过动物源性食物传播给人类的情况尚未得到证实。食源性细菌、原生动物和蠕虫在环境和宿主系统中具有复杂的分布模式。这与维持链和（寄生虫的）生命周期的复杂性一起，使得流行病学家和诊断医生难以对它们采取任何即时的安全措施。血清学和分子诊断测试，如酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）、乳胶凝集试验、侧向流动分析、免疫磁珠分离分析、分子分析，如聚合酶链反应（PCR）、多重PCR、免疫PCR、实时PCR、随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）-PCR、DNA微阵列和探针被广泛使用。除此之外，环介导等温扩增（LAMP）分析、毛细管电泳-单链构象多态性（CE-SSCP）、流式细胞术、荧光原位杂交（FISH）、生物传感器、直接荧光滤光技术、基于纳米技术的方法以及精密工具（超声检查、磁共振成像和胰胆管造影）都极大地辅助了诊断。大多数食源性疾病是自限性的，但在许多情况下推荐使用抗生素。然而，随着耐药性的增加，如今鸡免疫球蛋白、噬菌体疗法、益生菌和草药的使用变得越来越重要。采取适当的预防和控制措施（包括烹饪程序、卫生、严格遵守危害分析与关键控制点（HACCP）原则、公众意识以及疾病监测）是当务之急。本综述对所有这些内容进行了详尽讨论，以帮助流行病学家、诊断医生、临床医生，尤其是普通民众，使他们能够避免在这个严重问题上的疏忽。
