Page Declan, Miotliński Konrad, Gonzalez Dennis, Barry Karen, Dillon Peter, Gallen Christie
CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship Program and CSIRO Land and Water, Waite Laboratories, Waite Rd, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia.
Entox, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
J Contam Hydrol. 2014 Mar;158:65-77. doi: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.01.004. Epub 2014 Jan 25.
Water recycling via aquifers has become a valuable tool to augment urban water supplies in many countries. This study reports the first use of passive samplers for monitoring of organic micropollutants in Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR). Five different configurations of passive samplers were deployed in a stormwater treatment wetland, groundwater monitoring wells and a recovery tank to capture a range of polar and non-polar micropollutants present in the system. The passive samplers were analysed for a suite of pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other chemicals. As a result, 17 pesticides and pesticide degradation products, 5 PAHs and 8 other organic chemicals including flame retardants and fragrances were detected in urban stormwater recharging Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) and an Aquifer Storage Transfer and Recovery (ASTR) system. Of the pesticides detected, diuron, metolachlor and chlorpyrifos were generally detected at the highest concentrations in one or more passive samplers, whereas chlorpyrifos, diuron, metolachlor, simazine, galaxolide and triallate were detected in multiple samplers. Fluorene was the PAH detected at the highest concentration and the flame retardant Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate was the chemical detected in the greatest abundance at all sites. The passive samplers showed different efficiencies for capture of micropollutants with the Empore disc samplers giving the most reliable results. The results indicate generally low levels of organic micropollutants in the stormwater, as the contaminants detected were present at very low ng/L levels, generally two to four orders of magnitude below the drinking water guidelines (NHMRC, 2011). The efficiency of attenuation of these organic micropollutants during MAR was difficult to determine due to variations in the source water concentrations. Comparisons were made between different samplers, to give a field-based calibration where existing lab-based calibrations were unavailable.
通过含水层进行水的循环利用已成为许多国家增加城市供水的一项宝贵手段。本研究报告了首次使用被动采样器监测人工回灌含水层（MAR）中的有机微污染物。五种不同配置的被动采样器被部署在雨水处理湿地、地下水监测井和一个回收池中，以捕获系统中存在的一系列极性和非极性微污染物。对被动采样器进行了一组农药、多环芳烃（PAHs）和其他化学物质的分析。结果，在城市雨水回灌含水层储存与回采（ASR）和含水层储存输送与回采（ASTR）系统中检测到了17种农药及农药降解产物、5种多环芳烃和8种其他有机化学品，包括阻燃剂和香料。在所检测的农药中，敌草隆、异丙甲草胺和毒死蜱通常在一个或多个被动采样器中检测到的浓度最高，而毒死蜱、敌草隆、异丙甲草胺、西玛津、 galaxolide和野麦畏在多个采样器中被检测到。芴是检测到的浓度最高的多环芳烃，阻燃剂磷酸三（1-氯-2-丙基）酯是在所有地点检测到的含量最丰富的化学物质。被动采样器对微污染物的捕获效率各不相同，Empore圆盘采样器给出的结果最可靠。结果表明，雨水中有机微污染物的含量普遍较低，因为检测到的污染物浓度极低，通常比饮用水准则（NHMRC，2011）低两到四个数量级。由于源水浓度的变化，很难确定这些有机微污染物在人工回灌含水层过程中的衰减效率。在不同采样器之间进行了比较，以便在没有现有实验室校准的情况下进行基于现场的校准。
